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Presnell explained that wind speed and duration help in determining the size and frequency of ocean waves. Another factor is called "fetch," referring to the span of water over which a breeze blows, and the longer a fetch, the more energy a wave can build up.

90 years ago - in 1921 Albert Einstein was awarded a Nobel Prize for explanation of the PV-effect. 70 years ago - in 1941, the first silicon monocrystalline solar cell was constructed. 60 years ago - in 1951, the first germanium solar cells have been made.

1958, the same company introduced a solar cell with 9 % efficiency. The first radiation-proof silicon solar cell was produced for the purposes of space technology in the same year. On 17th March, the first satellite powered by solar cells, Vanguard I, was launched. The system ran continuously for 8 years.

Another benefit of condition monitoring is that it allows condition-based maintenance. Instead of replacing components after fixed time intervals based on empirical values, they can be replaced only when required, such as when signs of wear are detected.

The world will have enough wind turbines to generate more than 300 gigawatts of power - the equivalent of 114 nuclear power plants

"As the sun warms the Earth's surface, the atmosphere warms too. Some parts of the Earth receive direct rays from the sun all year and are always warm. Other places receive indirect rays, so the climate is colder. Warm air, which weighs less than cold air, rises. Then cool air moves in and replaces the rising warm air. This movement of air is what makes the wind blow."

The ocean tides on earth are caused by both the moon’s gravity and the sun’s gravity.

the ocean tides we experience on earth are caused by the sum of the moon’s gravitational gradient and the sun’s gravitational gradient.

When water flows toward the shore with the incoming tide, it flows through a tidal energy system, turning a turbine that generates electricity. When the tide shifts and flows in the opposite direction, away from shore, the tidal energy system again captures the energy with a turbine and converts it into electricity.

An important source of alternative energy is hydropower: converting the flow of rivers and ocean waves and tides into electricity through dams and turbines. The best part about both of these water sources is that they’re 100 percent renewable.

Organic matter is one such source. Materials like corn and soybeans have oil extracts that can be converted to ethanol or biodiesel

more sustainable than petroleum, meaning they can be regrown and remain productive with less negative impact on our ecosystem.

Some biofuels that provide more long-term benefits may prove too expensive to pursue

RenewableUK counts 18,465 full-time direct jobs in wind, wave and tidal power and 15,908 indirect jobs

They were formed from prehistoric plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.

Some coal deposits, however, were formed from freshwater swamps which had very little sulfur in them. These coal deposits, located largely in the western part of the United States, have much less sulfur in them

pollution spewing from a typical coal plant

3,700,000 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary human cause of global warming--as much CO2 as cutting down 161 million trees.

sulphur dioxide (SO2), which causes acid rain

The winds cause waves on the surface of the ocean (and on lakes). The wind transfers some of its energy to the water, through friction between the air molecules and the water molecules. Stronger winds (like storm surges) cause larger waves.

Tidal energy has been used since about the 11th Century, when small dams were built along ocean estuaries and small streams. the tidal water behind these dams was used to turn water wheels to mill grains.

Solar Energy comes from Sun. Sun is a hot ball of Hydrogen & Helium. Due to fission reaction of Hydrogen molecules, energy is emitted which is known as Solar Energy.

Solar thermal energy transfers heat directly from the sun to heat air or water for residential or commercial use.

Solar energy comes from the lowest point of the sun. The sun bears a constant stream of thermonuclear explosions as hydrogen atoms are merged into helium atoms. The Sun is like a humongous power station that constantly does a reaction that lets out light.

Biofuels are liquid fuels which have been derived from other materials such as waste plant and animal matter. There are two main types of biofuels – bioethanol and biodiesel. Bioethanol is used as a replacement for gasoline and biodiesel is used as a replacement for diesel.

The Brazilian government still awaits a reduction in solar prices to create a specific auction by the end of 2013 or the beginning of 2014. However, the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) does not demonstrate any signs of this happening.

In 2013, however, revenue and capacity installed are expected to double: projects will be delivered, the resolution 482/2012 will have a major impact, and X% of the National Association of Electric Energy’s (ANEEL’s) research and development (R&D) will conclude. Capacity installed expectations in 2013 will near X megawatts (MW); in 2014, X MW; in 2015, X MW; and beyond, faster expansion is expected. Currently, capacity installed for the solar market is X MW, but it is expected to reach X MW by 2017. The total possible capacity installed for Brazil is close to X gigawatts (GW). This market revenue will have a X% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during the forecast period (2012–2017) due to ANEEL´s R&D, international events, and the resolution 482/2012 cost reductions. Now, market revenue is close to $X million and can reach $X million by 2017.

Distributed generation could grow faster with financial support, better service from energy concessionaries, and cost reductions; nonetheless, it will grow considerably.

Over 19,000 MW of non-residential PV project applications have been approved under its FiT scheme as of the end of May.

Over 19,000 MW of non-residential PV project applications have been approved under its FiT scheme as of the end of May.

With a 2013 forecast of 8.5 GW and 7 GW respectively, China and Japan are on pace to be the top installers this year. PV installations in the United States continue to grow and are forecasted to reach approximately 4.5 GW in 2013. Other major markets forecasted in 2013 are Germany at 4 GW, Italy at 2 GW, UK at 1.5 GW and India at 1 GW.

APSA) program which will also include a second online course on battery-based PV systems and a 6 day hands-on photovoltaics workshop at the Earth University-La Flor in Liberia, Costa Rica.