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Biofuels - 0 views

www.voxsolaris.com/biofuels.html cost
shared by pettitmat99 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Biofuels are basically any fuel that can be burned in air to produce heat that is produced by biological means, normally by plant growth. Currently the most prominant biofuels are ethanol and bio-deisel because these can be burned in existing internal combustion engines and are thus a direct replacement for oil. The most important biofuel historically is wood with oth
  • Biofuels are currently cheaper than oil although this is only because we are seeing very high oil prices at the moment. Under what might be termed more 'normal' market conditions, biofuels lack any meaningful price advantage. Biofuel production is very labor intensive and very land intensive. Production of ethanol from sugar cane was pioneered by the Brazilians in the 1970's as a solution to an oil import bill they could ill afford. It worked for them as they have plenty of land they can convert to growing sugar cane and at the time, plenty of cheap labor with which to harvest it.
  • he simple truth is the world does not have enough land to produce anywhere near the quantity of biofuels we need to make any dent in our oil consumption. They are only in fashion now oil prices are high and it is cost effective to produce them. Sooner or later food prices will rise to such a point that biofuel production will cease to be economic.
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  • In any case the current price of oil is unlikely to be sustained. Much of today's oil prices can be attributed to the geopolitical situation in the Middle East and the hording of oil both for security of supply and more recently as a hedge against the falling dollar.
  • e they cheaper than oil? That depends how you calculate the cost!
  • pettitmat99 on 22 Oct 12
     
    "But herein lies the first problem with biofuels. They may be carbon nuetral but they are certainly not as green as they might be. Not if the land to grow sugar is coming from cutting down the Amazon jungle and not if vast quantities o"
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Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Production and Distribution - 0 views

www.afdc.energy.gov/...biodiesel_production.html all
shared by pettitmat99 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • pettitmat99
      pettitmat99 on 22 Oct 12
       
      great photo on the production of biodeisels
  • he production process converts oils and fats into chemicals called long-chain mono alkyl esters, or biodiesel. These chemicals are also referred to as fatty acid methyl esters, and t
  • Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, and tallow.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Raw or refined plant oil, or recycled greases that have not been processed into biodiesel, are not biodiesel and should be avoided
  • Fats and oils (triglycerides) are much more viscous than biodiesel, and low-level vegetable oil blends can cause long-term engine deposits, ring sticking, lube-oil gelling, and other maintenance problems that can reduce engine life
  • Biodiesel is distributed from the point of production to retail fueling stations by truck, train, or barge.
  • pettitmat99 on 22 Oct 12
     
    good website to find most information on biofuels
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Wave Energy Pros and Cons - Tidal and Ocean Wave Power Still Niche Technologies | Green... - 2 views

www.greenworldinvestor.com/...power-still-niche-technologies pros wave energy
shared by hughesacam99 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Wave Power is quite immature,costly and unproven in large scale. While some companies have made good progress, the technology remains largely unproven and has only been put to actual test in pilot cases.
  • While Wave Energy has been known since the 1700s the progress has been extremely slow.
  • One of the biggest problems of Renewable Power is that it is intermittent in nature as it generates energy only when there are waves. This problem can be solved with energy storage however this leads to additional costs.
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  • Severe Weather like Storms and Typhoons can be quite devastating on the Wave Power Equipment especially those place on the Sea Floor.
  • This is a disadvantage which is common to all  the 3 types of Water based Energy that is Tidal, Hydro and Waver Energy. Some forms of Energy are just better suited to some places.
  • Wave Power generate power quite far away from the consumption of electricity. Transportation of Wave Energy can be quite cumbersome and expensive. Some Wave Energy Generators are converting power at the bottom of the ocean or far away from the shoreline. Moving that power towards where it is used can be difficult.
  • The sight of wave generators around the shoreline can look quite ugly and cause loss of tourism potential around shorelines. Also local residents can have problems even with wave power equipment which is not far offshore. The Cape Wind Energy project off the shore of Massachusetts has been delayed by over 10 years as it has drawn serious objections from the owners of coastal homes about loss in their property values.
  • A Wave Power Plant can cost around$6-10 million million to be spent in building 1 Megawatt.
  • Waver Energy does not require any fuel like most other sources of energy
  • Wave Energy is powered by the waves of the ocean which are totally free just like Wind and Sunlight.
  • Wave Energy Generators can be installed in various sizes with as little as 1 MW. This is not possible for other energy forms which require a minimum large size such as Coal, Nuclear etc.
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NREL: Learning - Biofuels Basics - 0 views

www.nrel.gov/...re_biofuels.html
shared by janosjus99 on 22 Oct 12 - Cached
  • Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels, called "biofuels," to help meet transportation fuel needs
  • Today, ethanol is made from starches and sugars, but NREL scientists are developing technology to allow it to be made from cellulose and hemicellulose,
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How Fuel Cells Work - 1 views

www.fueleconomy.gov/...fcv_pem.shtml hydrogen convert
shared by combspat98 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • combspat98
      combspat98 on 22 Oct 12
       
      pictue and descripiton of how fuel cells work
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Haldor Topsoe - Fuel cells for sustainable energy - 0 views

www.topsoe.com/...fuel_cells.aspx hydrogen what convert use
shared by slentzkel99 on 23 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • What is a fuel cell?A fuel cell produces electricity from fuel and air. The simplest fuel cell produces electricity from hydrogen and air with water as the only by-product.
  • Where can fuel cells be used?Fuel cells in general can be used in many different circumstances, depending on the type of fuel cell. Topsoe Fuel Cell focuses on SOFC fuel cells, which can be used in:Auxiliary power units (APUs) provide electricity where there is no access to grid power. Fuel cell based APUs can be used on, for instance, long-haul trucks to generate power during breaks.Micro combined heat and power units may be scaled to meet the electricity demand in single family households. Combined heat and power generation for households is one of the most efficient ways to meet residential energy requirements.Distributed generation using SOFC technology offers efficient power generation, for example hospitals, shopping malls, in apartment buildings and in areas with low power capacity.
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Photoelectric effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Photoelectric_effect solar how converted
shared by phinneycha99 on 26 Oct 12 - Cached
  • In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength and high frequency, such as ultraviolet radiation.
  • Light–matter interaction Low-energy phenomena: Photoelectric effect Mid-energy phenomena: Thomson scattering Compton scattering High-energy phenomena: Pair production
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HowStuffWorks "How Fuel Cells Work" - 0 views

auto.howstuffworks.com/...fuel-cell.htm fuel cell sustainable
shared by Connor Wiggins on 15 Mar 12 - Cached
  • This initiative, supported by legislation in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) and the Advanced Energy Initiative of 2006, aims to develop hydrogen, fuel cell and infrastructure technologies to make fuel-cell vehicles practical and cost-effective by 2020
  • Why are governments, private businesses and academic institutions collaborating to develop and produce them? Fuel cells generate electrical power quietly and efficiently, without pollution. Unlike power
  • that use fossil fuels, the by-products from an operating fuel cell are heat and water
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  • With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead -- as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell. Most fuel cells in use today use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals.
  • If you want to be technical about it, a fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity.
  • polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)
  • United States has dedicated more than one billion dollars to fuel cell research and development so far.So what exactly is a fuel cell,
  • With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead -- as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell. Most fuel cells in use today use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals.
  • ricciardellinick on 08 Mar 13
     
    "In 2003, President Bush announced a program called the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI) during his State of the Union Address."
  • Connor Wiggins on 11 Mar 13
     
    It shows how its sustainable 
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A Basic Overview of Fuel Cell Technology - 0 views

americanhistory.si.edu/...basics.htm fuel cell convert
shared by labrumbra99 on 15 Mar 12 - Cached
  • they generate electricity with very little pollution—much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water.
  • Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary
  • in general terms, hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at the anode where a chemical reaction strips them of their electrons. The hydrogen atoms are now “ionized,” and carry a positive electrical charge. The negatively charged electrons provide the current through wires to do work. If alternating current (AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through a conversion device called an inverter.
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  • But in general terms, hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at the anode where a chemical reaction strips them of their electrons. The hydrogen atoms are now �ionized,� and carry a positive electrical charge. The negatively charged electrons provide the current through wires to do work. If alternating current (AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through a conversion device called an inverter.
  • Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles from one electrode to the other, and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the electrodes. Hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also require oxygen. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution–much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water.
  • A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes.
  • fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode.
  • One detail of terminology:
  • Oxygen enters the fuel cell at the cathode and, in some cell types (like the one illustrated above), it there combines with electrons returning from the electrical circuit and hydrogen ions that have traveled through the electrolyte from the anode. In other cell types the oxygen picks up electrons and then travels through the electrolyte to the anode, where it combines with hydrogen ions. The electrolyte plays a key role. It must permit only the appropriate ions to pass between the anode and cathode. If free electrons or other substances could travel through the electrolyte, they would disrupt the chemical reaction. Whether they combine at anode or cathode, together hydrogen and oxygen form water, which drains from the cell. As long as a fuel cell is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen, it will generate electricity. Even better, since fuel cells create electricity chemically, rather than by combustion, they are not subject to the thermodynamic laws that limit a conventional power plant (see "Carnot Limit" in the glossary). Therefore, fuel cells are more efficient in extracting energy from a fuel. Waste heat from some cells can also be harnessed, boosting system efficiency still further
  • labrumbra99 on 08 Mar 13
     
    "A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes."
  • ricciardellinick on 11 Mar 13
     
    "A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode."
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Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Applications - 0 views

www.fuelcells.org/...apps.html hydrogen current use
shared by dpurdy on 15 Mar 12 - Cached
  • There are many uses for fuel cells — right now, all of the major automakers are working to commercialize a fuel cell car. Fuel cells are powering buses, boats, trains, planes, scooters, forklifts, even bicycles. There are fuel cell-powered vending machines, vacuum cleaners and highway road signs. Miniature fuel cells for cellular phones, laptop computers and portable electronics are on their way to market. Hospitals, credit card centers, police stations, and banks are all using fuel cells to provide power to their facilities. Wastewater treatment plants and landfills are using fuel cells to convert the methane gas they produce into electricity. Telecommunications companies are installing fuel cells at cell phone, radio and 911 towers. The possibilities are endless.
  • Stationary
  • More than 2500 fuel cell systems have been installed all over the world
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Telecommunications
  • Landfills/Wastewater Treatment Plants/Breweries/Wineries-
  • dpurdy on 15 Mar 12
     
    Current Applications for fuel Cells
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Biofuel potential is bleak - 3 views

ff.org/...biofuel.htm biofuels potential
shared by tillmanash98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • 12.48 billion gal of ethanol
  • The 2004 US corn crop totaled about 11.7 billion bushels,
  • The entire 2004 US corn and soybean crop, converted to biomass fuels, could replace about 10.41 billion gal of petroleum (7.6 billion as ethanol and 2.81 billion as biodiesel).
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The US consumed about 7.49 billion bbl of petroleum last year,
  • This means that the total biofuel potential of the record 2004 US corn and soybean harvests would offset about 12 days of US petroleum consumption, or about 3.3% of our total yearly petroleum consumption
  • Given that most of the US corn and soybean crop is already committed to other uses, this analysis indicates that biomass-based fuels will have a negligible role in reducing US petroleum consumption, which in turn underscores that replacing petroleum in the US economy will be a monumental challenge.
  • tillmanash98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    The 2004 US corn crop totaled about 11.7 billion bushels, the largest ever
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E85 | Making Ethanol - 0 views

e85.whipnet.net/...make.ethanol.html biofuel making
shared by fiorinijam98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Wheat or corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch. The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis. Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol. The ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration.
2More

How do wind turbines transform the energy found in the wind - 1 views

wiki.answers.com/...m_the_energy_found_in_the_wind wind energy
shared by big_jerome on 19 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill.
  • wind t
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The Future of Biofuels: A Global Perspective - Amber Waves-November 2007 - 2 views

www.ers.usda.gov/...Biofuels.htm biofuels Biomass
shared by dpurdy on 19 Mar 12 - Cached
  • Increased biofuel demand has contributed to higher world food and feed prices.
  • Global biofuel production has tripled from 4.8 billion gallons in 2000 to about 16.0 billion in 2007, but still accounts for less than 3 percent of the global transportation fuel supply.
  • Cellulosic ethanol could raise per acre ethanol yields to more than 1,000 gallons, significantly reducing land requirements. Cellulosic ethanol is made by breaking down the tough cellular material that gives plants rigidity and structure and converting the resulting sugar into ethanol. Cellulose is the world’s most widely available biological material, present in such low-value materials as wood chips and wood waste, fast-growing grasses, crop residues like corn stover, and municipal waste.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • A key interest in developing or expanding biofuel production and use is the environmental benefits, including the potential to reduce emissions, such as greenhouse gases (GHG). An estimated 25 percent of manmade global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a leading GHG, comes from road transport.
  • Biofuels are theoretically carbon neutral, releasing CO2 recently absorbed from the atmosphere by the crops used to produce them.
  • dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
     
    Future costs and issue with biofuels.
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Huge challenges in scaling up biofuels infrastructure - 1 views

www.physorg.com/news201799021.html biofuel infrastructure potential
shared by dpurdy on 22 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Major changes will be needed to grow, handle, transport and store the immense quantities of biomass -- mostly lignocellulosic feedstocks such as switchgrass, crop residues and forest wastes -- necessary to continually feed electric power generation stations and produce biofuels for transportation,
  • converting to a system in which biomass provides much of the country's energy will require new ways of thinking about agriculture, energy infrastructure and rural economic development.
  • It is estimated that bioenergy has the potential to provide up to 60 percent of the world's primary energy, and biomass seems poised to provide a major alternative to fossil fuels,"
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • "Thus, the combination of expected growth in energy demand and the lower density of biomass imply that by 2050, biomass transport volumes will be greater than the current capacity of the entire energy and agricultural commodity infrastructure,
  • "For example, a large biofuel plant would require 16 to 20 tanker trucks or railcars per day to move the fuel to market, increasing both traffic and costs."
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Solar Energy Facts - 0 views

www.alternative-energy-resources.net/solarenergyfacts.html solar how
shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Solar Cells or photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. When energy from the sun comes in contact with the cell, electrons in the two different semiconductors absorb the energy and use it to move around, creating an electrical current.
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HowStuffWorks "How the Hydrogen Economy Works" - 3 views

auto.howstuffworks.com/...hydrogen-economy4.htm fuel cell form convert
shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • In the hydrogen economy, there is no storehouse to tap into. We have to actually create the e­nergy in real-time.
  • There are two possible sources for the hydrogen: Electrolysis of water - Using electricity, it is easy to split water molecules to create pure hydrogen and oxygen. One big advantage of this process is that you can do it anywhere. For example, you could have a box in your garage producing hydrogen from tap water, and you could fuel your car with that hydrogen. Reforming fossil fuels - Oil and natural gas contain hydrocarbons -- molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon. Using a device called a fuel processor or a reformer, you can split the hydrogen off the carbon in a hydrocarbon relatively easily and then use the hydrogen. You discard the leftover carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
  • To have a pure hydrogen economy, the hydrogen must be derived from renewable sources rather than fossil fuels so that we stop releasing carbon into the atmosphere. Having enough electricity to separate hydrogen from water, and generating that electricity without using fossil fuels, will be the biggest change that we see in creating the hydrogen economy.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • In the future, barring some technological breakthrough, it seems likely that one of two things will happen to create the hydrogen economy: Either nuclear-power or solar-power generating capacity will increase dramatically.
  • The electrical-generation problem is probably the biggest barrier to the hydrogen economy
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Fuel Cell Markets - Advantages & Benefits of Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technologies - 2 views

www.fuelcellmarkets.com/...5,1,1,663.html what pollution hydrogen wind how cost potential location sustainable future
shared by crandallchr98 on 03 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Advantages by Application Telecoms CHP Fuel Cell Generators Electric Vehicles - APU's and Range Extenders Fuel Cell Forklifts Marine Power Portable Power
  • Low Emissions – Using hydrogen, PEM fuel cells only emit water at the point of use. Even when using hydrocarbon fuels, fuel cells emit considerably less emissions than other combustion based technologies, this is for two reasons. Firstly their higher efficiency means they require less fuel to generate the same energy and secondly because there is no combustion, there are negligible NOx or SOx emissions and no particulate emissions.
  • Reliability & Maintenance – The only moving parts in fuel cells are involved with water, heat and air management (pumps, blowers, compressors). When compared to internal combustion engines, there are considerably less moving parts and these require less maintenance (no oil changes every 150 hours). Less maintenance means less site visits or trips to the garage and reduced operating costs. Fuel cells can be monitored remotely and any problems dealt with quickly.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Few moving parts means all you will ever hear of a fuel cell is either a compressor, blower or pump
  • Hydrogen is the lightest of all gases and disperses very quickly, it is also non-polluting and hazardous to the surrounding environment (unlike gasoline a spillage / leak will not cause an environmental disaster). Hydrogen, like natural gas and petrol, is a fuel and will burn when ignited. Hydrogen is only explosive when it is able to build up in a enclosed space, which is very difficult as it has a habit of escaping (hydrogen is the smallest of all elements). As long as appropriate safety procedures are followed, as they should with any fuel, hydrogen is a safe fuel.
  • crandallchr98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    Advantages & Benefits of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies High Efficiency - Like generators and other engines, fuel cells are energy conversion devices - they convert stored energy within a fuel into usable energy. A fuel cell uses an electrochemical reaction to extract energy directly in the form of heat and electricity, both of which can be utilised at the point of generation.
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EIA Energy Kids - Solar - 2 views

www.eia.gov/...energy.cfm solar what location pollution how history sustainable
shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Energy from the Sun The sun has produced energy for billions of years.  Solar energy is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the Earth. This energy can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity.
  • Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells” change sunlight directly into electricity. Individual PV cells are grouped into panels and arrays of panels that can be used in a wide range of applications ranging from single small cells that charge calculator and watch batteries, to systems that power single homes, to large power plants covering many acres.
  • Solar energy systems do not produce air pollutants or carbon-dioxide
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Solar energy is by far the Earth's most available energy source. Solar power is capable of providing many times the total current energy demand. But it is an intermittent energy source, meaning that it is not available at all times.
  • Photons Carry Solar Energy Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed. Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's atoms. Special treatment of the material surface during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface.
  • Weather Affects Photovoltaics The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon sunlight. Climate conditions (such as clouds or fog) have a significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by a photovoltaic array and, in turn, its performance.
  • History of the Photovoltaic Cell The first practical photovoltaic (PV) cell was developed in 1954 by Bell Telephone researchers examining the sensitivity of a properly prepared silicon wafer to sunlight. Beginning in the late 1950s, PV cells were used to power U.S. space satellites. PV cells were next widely used for small consumer electronics like calculators and watches and to provide electricity in remote or "off-grid" locations were there were no electric power lines. Technology advances and government financial incentives have helped to greatly expand PV use since the mid-1990s.
  • Using solar energy produces no air or water pollution and no greenhouse gases, but does have some indirect impacts on the environment.
  • anonymous on 02 Oct 13
     
    Most quality online stores. Know whether you are a trusted online retailer in the world. Whatever we can buy very good quality. and do not hesitate. Everything is very high quality. Including clothes, accessories, bags, cups. Highly recommended. This is one of the trusted online store in the world. View now www.retrostyler.com
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