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rainwateremi99

Biofuels | Energy Sources | Chevron - 0 views

www.chevron.com/...biofuels

biofuel information

shared by rainwateremi99 on 11 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Biofuels are fuels made from recently living organisms. They can be divided into three categories: First-generation biofuels are made largely from edible sugars and starches. Second-generation biofuels are made from nonedible plant materials. Third-generation biofuels are made from algae and other microbes.
lefebvrekat99

biofuel - Dpurdy on Diigo - 0 views

www.diigo.com/...biofuel

current biofuels

shared by lefebvrekat99 on 22 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • First generation biofuel are those fuel derived from vegetable or animal fats/oils, starch or sugar with the use of modern technology. 1. Let the base organic material (corn, sugarcane, wheat, etc) pass through a grinding meal to pulverize the selected material. 2. Then, liquefy it by placing the blend of water, grain powder and an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of the grain compound into a high-heat cooker. 3. Cool it afterwards. Add another enzyme that will facilitate the conversion of starch into sugars which are then fermented, producing alcohol from the cooled mash. 4. Start the fermentation by adding yeast to the sugar mixture. The sugars will be broken down to ethanol (a form of alcohol) and carbon dioxide. 5. Distill the fermented mixture in order for the ethanol to separate from the solids. 6. Get rid of the water from the separated ethanol through a dehydration process.
dpurdy

The Biofuels FAQs: The Facts About Biofuels: Biodiesel - 0 views

www.energyfuturecoalition.org/...fact_biodiesel.htm

biofuel cost

shared by dpurdy on 19 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Biodiesel from soybeans costs an estimated $2 to $2.50 per gallon to produce. Biodiesel from yellow grease is about $1 a gallon cheaper, but the available supply in the U.S. is much smaller – enough to make 100 million gallons per year. Producers of biodiesel from pure vegetable oil are eligible for a federal excise tax credit of $1 for every gallon blended with conventional diesel. Biodiesel from used cooking oil earns a credit of 50 cents per gallon.
  • Another promising technology captures smokestack emissions of carbon dioxide for use in an “algae farm,” where the gas stimulates the rapid growth of algae that can be converted into biodiesel and ethanol.
westkea00

Ocean Wave Energy Power Technology - History - 0 views

clean-future.com/...wave-power

shared by westkea00 on 06 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • Currently, numerous wave power plants (so called wave farms) have been implemented throughout the world. Many different organizations have designed various wave power systems that differ in size, cost, and effectiveness. A wave farm is a collection of wave power systems in order to create mass quantities of power. One example of a wave power plant is the Aguçadoura Wave Farm in Portugal from Pelamis Wave Power Ltd. It is the first wave farm ever established and produces 2.25 megawatts of power. It was completed in 2008. Other wave farms, with other companies involved, have been proposed.
  • Wave energy is about using the energy of ocean waves for producing electrical current. It is a renewable energy resource and often confused with Tidal Power.
  • Wave energy is considered a form of hydropower, although it is the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean causing waves. So in many ways, wave energy is also wind energy - with all the pros and cons.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • In contrast to tidal power, ocean wave energy plants do not make use of the energy difference between high tide and low tide, but generating energy from continuous wave motion. So, wave energy generation is the conversion of the forces from the motion of waves into usable energy.
  • Wave power generation has been tested over the past century as an alternative energy source to fossil fuels to create electrical power, sea water desalinization, and reservoir pumping. Unfortunately, despite of all examinations and tests, the price for generating energy from ocean waves is still about twice as high as that of wind energy. Companies involved in wave energy generation hope to be able to cut 50% of the costs within the next couple of years.
  • During the 1970's gasoline crisis, wave power was pushed in order to be a good long term energy solution. Later, the energy crisis was resolved yet the leaps and bounds made in the innovation of wave power remained. Though there were not many wave power plants actually implemented, it has proven to be a benefit to modern resolutions with current power crises. Fuel prices are rising exponentially and the greenhouse effect is having potentially disastrous effects on the environment. There has never been more need for alternatives to fossil generated energy.
rosskyl99

The Disadvantages of Wave Energy | eHow.com - 0 views

www.ehow.com/disadvantages-wave-energy.html

wave pollution

shared by rosskyl99 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Because waves are erratic, the amount of energy a wave generator can produce is unpredictable and, therefore, cannot be used as a sole reliable energy source.
  • accidental hydraulic fluid leaks can cause a major environmental problem.
  • A collision could cause a hydraulic spill or leak and become an environmental hazard.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Boats not able to see the generators could cause a potential collision hazard and pose problems for the safety of both those on board and to the wave energy generator.
  • Wave energy boasts many advantages such as its low cost, zero to no pollution, and a large energy output.
  • Wave energy generators can cause noise pollution and be a nuisance to those living close to them, according to the UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills. The noise emanating from a generator, though, is often covered up by the noise of the waves.
  • Wave energy generators can cause noise pollution and be a nuisance to those living close to them, according to the UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills. The noise emanating from a generator, though, is often covered up by the noise of the waves. Wave power generators can also be unsightly to some.
  • Wave energy generators can cause noise pollution and be a nuisance to those living close to them, according to the UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills. The noise emanating from a generator, though, is often covered up by the noise of the waves. Wave power generators can also be unsightly to some.
  • Wave energy generators can cause noise pollution and be a nuisance to those living close to them, according to the UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills. The noise emanating from a generator, though, is often covered up by the noise of the waves. Wave power generators can also be unsightly to some. Floating devices are large snake-like machines floating parallel to one another throughout an area close to the seashore. Some may find them offensive or unpleasant.
  • rosskyl99 on 12 Mar 13
     
    wave cost is low
hughesacam99

Wave Energy Pros and Cons - Energy Informative - 0 views

energyinformative.org/wave-energy-pros-and-cons

pros wave energy informative

shared by hughesacam99 on 23 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Harnessing wave energy comes without the emission of harmful green house gases. This is the main motivation factor behind further development of this way of power generation.
  • Like with most green energy sources, wave power is also renewable. Since this energy source ultimately comes from the heat energy that is emitted from the sun, it will not disappear for some time – in fact, several billion years or as long time it takes for the sun to burn out.
  • The energy density is typically around 30-40 kW for every meter (2.2 feet) of wave along the shore. As we go further into the ocean 100kW for every meter is not uncommon.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Waves are hardly interrupted and almost always in motion.
  • This makes generating electricity from wave energy a reasonable reliable energy source
  • It should be mentioned that the amount of energy that is being transported through waves does vary every year and from season to season. On the northern hemisphere, the average value of November and May could be different with a factor of two or more.
dpurdy

Hydrogen fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Hydrogen_fuel

hydrogen fuel form

shared by dpurdy on 24 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Because pure hydrogen does not occur naturally, it takes energy to manufacture it. There are different ways to manufacture it, such as, electrolysis and steam-methane reforming process.
  • In electrolysis, electricity is run through water to separate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. This method can be used by using wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, fossil fuels, biomass, and many other resources.
  • The more natural methods of making electricity (wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, biomass), rather than fossil fuels, would be better used as to continue the environment-friendly process of the fuel. Obtaining hydrogen from this process is being studied as a viable way to produce it domestically at a low cost. Steam-methane reforming process extracts the hydrogen from methane. However, this reaction causes a side production of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which are greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming.
smithree98

Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles - Is Hydrogen the Fuel of the Future? - 1 views

environment.about.com/...fcv.htm

hydrogen fuel all benifits

shared by smithree98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • The benefits of ditching fossil fuels for hydrogen are many, of course. Burning fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to heat and cool our buildings and run our vehicles takes a heavy toll on the environment, contributing significantly to both local problems such as elevated particulate levels and global ones such as a warming climate. The only by-product of running a hydrogen-powered fuel cell is oxygen and a trickle of water, neither of which will cause any harm to human health or the environment.
  • But right now, 95 percent of the hydrogen available in the United States is either extracted from fossil fuels or made using electrolytic processes powered by fossil fuels, thus negating any real emissions savings or reduction in fossil-fuel usage. Only if renewable energy sources—solar, wind and others—can be harnessed to provide the energy to process hydrogen fuel can the dream of a truly clean hydrogen fuel be realized.
  • They concluded that we’d lower greenhouse gas emissions more by driving gasoline/electric hybrid cars than by driving fuel-cell cars run on hydrogen from coal. Hydrogen made using natural gas would fare a little bit better in terms of pollution output, while making it from wind power would be a slam-dunk for the environment.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • replacing the fossil fuels responsible for global warming and various nagging forms of pollution.
  • Another problem is the lack of hydrogen refueling stations
  • many reasons, ranging from safety to cost to lack of demand.
  • they are spending upwards of $1 million to produce each one due to the advanced technology involved and low production runs. Toyota hopes to reduce its costs per fuel-cell vehicle to around $50,000 by 2015
  • smithree98 on 22 Oct 12
     
    says most things about hydrogen and what it does
stamperdyl98

Environment « myFC - 0 views

www.myfuelcell.se/...environment

hydrogen environmental

shared by stamperdyl98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Through the use of hydrogen together with fuel cell technology it is possible to achieve a radical decrease in local pollution of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particles from the transportation sector. Although the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels affects the environment it is an advantage that the carbon dioxide emissions can be separated already on the production site. This becomes evident when hydrogen is used as vehicle fuel, avoiding pollution from every individual vehicle.The only emission from a fuel cell reacting with hydrogen is pure water. The environmental gains are high, provided that pollution in the hydrogen production process is kept low. A fuel cell is approximately twice as energy efficient as a combustion engine if used in a regular car. The effect is that, using the same amount of energy, a fuel cell car can drive twice as far as a car with a combustion engine can.
filionmar99

Biofuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views

en.wikipedia.org/Biofuel

biofuel current

shared by filionmar99 on 13 Mar 12 - Cached
  • Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form
  • Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually require high energy density, as occurs in liquids and solids.
  • First generation biofuels 'First-generation' or conventional biofuels are biofuels made from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Examples include wood, sawdust, grass trimmings, domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure.
  • In 2010 worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009, and biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's fuels for road transport, a contribution largely made up of ethanol and biodiesel.[2] Global ethanol fuel production reached 86 billion liters (23 billion gallons US) in 2010, with the United States and Brazil as the world's top producers, accounting together for 90% of global production. The world's largest biodiesel producer is the European Union, accounting for 53% of all biodiesel production in 2010.[2] As of 2011, mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces.[3] According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.[4]
  • In 2010 worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009,[3] and biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's fuels for road transpor
  • Global ethanol fuel production reached 86 billion liters (23 billion gallons US) in 2010, with the United States and Brazil as the world's top producers, accounting together for 90% of global production.
  • nelsonbri98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    Bioethano
bishophan00

Wind Energy America - FAQs - 1 views

www.windenergyamerica.com/faqs.html

wind

shared by bishophan00 on 19 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Simply put, an average one megawatt wind turbine will produce enough energy for the annual needs of 350 average households. The amount of energy produced by a turbine varies depending on several factors, namely the size and reliability of the turbine, and the speed that the wind is blowing. These factors together produce the turbine’s capacity. Typically modern turbines range in size from 660 kilowatts to over 3 megawatts of capacity. They are placed in fairly windy locations with minimum wind speeds in the range of six meters per second (around 13 miles per hour). Wind turbines generally run at 30 to 40 percent capacity, so a 1 MW turbine could produce around 3 million KWh of electricity in a year.
  • , wind energy could provide 20% of America’s electricity.
  • According to the American Wind Energy Association, the total U.S. production of wind power is around 25 gigawatts
  • freeberntay99 on 08 Mar 13
     
    "Simply put, an average one megawatt wind turbine will produce enough energy for the annual needs of 350 average households. The amount of energy produced by a turbine varies depending on several factors, namely the size and reliability of the turbine, and the speed that the wind is blowing. These factors together produce the turbine's capacity. Typically modern turbines range in size from 660 kilowatts to over 3 megawatts of capacity. They are placed in fairly windy locations with minimum wind speeds in the range of six meters per second (around 13 miles per hour). Wind turbines generally run at 30 to 40 percent capacity, so a 1 MW turbine could produce around 3 million KWh of electricity in a year."
  • ...2 more comments...
  • wellsann99 on 12 Mar 13
     
    today's wind power
  • kurishkri00 on 24 Sep 13
     
    How much wind power is currently being produced in the United States? According to the American Wind Energy Association, the total U.S. production of wind power is around 25 gigawatts. New wind projects made up 42% of the U.S.'s total new power-producing capacity constructed in 2008, adding 8.4GW of new facilities into the grid.
  • kurishkri00 on 26 Sep 13
     
    What is wind power? Wind power is the result of using the wind to generate electricity. In the past windmills were used to grind grain or pump water. Today, a large wind turbine can power all the electricity needs of at least 350 homes.
  • bishophan00 on 27 Sep 13
     
    , wind energy could provide 20% of America's electricity. Today's wind turbines are very different from the windmills of the past. Moder
dpurdy

Biomass Energy Home Page Biomass Energy: Cost of Production - 0 views

www.oregon.gov/...Cost.shtml

cost

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • The cost of producing ethanol varies with the cost of the feedstock used and the scale of production. Approximately 85 percent of ethanol production capacity in the United States relies on corn feedstock. The cost of producing ethanol from corn is estimated to be about $1.10 per gallon.
  • Because a gallon of ethanol contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline, the production cost of ethanol must be multiplied by a factor of 1.5 to make an energy-cost comparison with gasoline. This means that if ethanol costs $1.10 per gallon to produce, then the effective cost per gallon to equal the energy contained in a gallon of gasoline is $1.65. In contrast, the current wholesale price of gasoline is about 90 cents per gallon.
  • A major hurdle facing commercial biodiesel production is the cost of producing the fuel. Vegetable oil seed procurement, transport, storage and oil extraction accounts for at least 75 percent of the cost of producing biodiesel. The cost varies depending on the feedstock used. For example, based on the market price for industrial rapeseed grown in Washington and Idaho, the estimated cost of producing biodiesel is $2.56 per gallon of rapeseed methyl ester. Recent estimates put the cost of production in the range of $1.30 per gallon (using waste grease feedstock) to $2.00 or more per gallon using soybean oil.
  • anonymous on 28 Sep 13
     
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bishophan00

Where Does Wind Power Come From? - 0 views

www.renewableenergyworld.com/...here-does-wind-power-come-from

wind

shared by bishophan00 on 25 Sep 13 - No Cached
  •  Wind power is an interesting renewable energy source as wind turbines can essentially be placed anywhere geographically where there is ample wind to turn the wind blades.
  • One thing that we haven't written about extensively on the MyEnergySolution.com blog is wind power.  Wind power is an interesting renewable energy source as wind turbines can essentially be placed anywhere geographically where there is ample wind to turn the wind blades.
  • o put this in context, an average U.S. household uses about 10 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity each year. One megawatt of installed wind energy from a single large turbine can generate from 2,400 to more than 3,000 MWh annually – enough to power about 250 homes.
hardingmar00

Electricity from Geothermal Energy - 1 views

www.powerscorecard.org/tech_detail.cfm

convert geothermal

shared by hardingmar00 on 14 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • The heat from the earth's own molten core can be converted into electricity. This core consists primarily of extremely high temperature liquid rock known as magma. This "geothermal" heat circulates within the rock or is transferred to underground reservoirs of water, which also circulate under the earth's crust. Because of the near limitless ability of the earth to produce magma, and the continuous transfer of heat between subsurface rock and water, geothermal energy is considered a renewable resource.
  • faglejoh98 on 14 Mar 13
     
    "The heat from the earth's own molten core can be converted into electricity. This core consists primarily of extremely high temperature liquid rock known as magma. This "geothermal" heat circulates within the rock or is transferred to underground reservoirs of water, which also circulate under the earth's crust. Because of the near limitless ability of the earth to produce magma, and the continuous transfer of heat between subsurface rock and water, geothermal energy is considered a renewable resource. Geothermal resources have been harnessed as an energy source since the dawn of civilization, when natural hot springs were first used for cooking and bathing. The geothermal resources tapped to generate electricity are far more intense than those used for space heating and can reside as deep as 10,000 feet below the earth's surface. Capital costs for the construction of geothermal power plants are much higher than for large coal-fired plants or new natural gas turbine technologies. But geothermal plants have reasonable operation and maintenance costs and no fuel costs. Though more expensive than wind power in most cases, new geothermal electricity generation facilities are increasingly competitive with fossil options."
dittrichcai99

AE Kids : Geothermal Energy - 0 views

www.alliantenergykids.com/...022401

geothermal

shared by dittrichcai99 on 11 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • o" means "from the earth," and "thermal" means "heat," so this type of energy is found under
  • dittrichcai99 on 11 Mar 13
     
    "A geothermal heating system uses pipes buried more than four feet deep in the earth. That is another reason why it's important for adults to call 811 before they dig in their yard so they don't hit buried piping. The system pumps a liquid through the pipes to absorb the heat and brings it back indoors. A device called a "heat exchanger" takes the heat from the liquid and uses it to heat the air inside the home."
deepat00

Where Does Geothermal Energy Come From - 0 views

www.universetoday.com/...es-geothermal-energy-come-from

geothermal co2 fossil fuels

shared by deepat00 on 11 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • bounadaries and faults are cracks in the Earth’s crust where magma rises near or to the surface. Geothermal plants take advantage of this fact using water heated by this volcanic activity to produce electric power.
  • The best part is that it is clean energy. There is no way it can produce pollution that can harm the environment
  • hardingmar00 on 23 Sep 13
     
    where geothermal energy comes from
conboyeri98

DOE - Fossil Energy: Current Technology for Producing Hydrogen - 0 views

www.fossil.energy.gov/...currenttechnology.html

shared by conboyeri98 on 12 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Today, most hydrogen in the United States, and about half of the world's hydrogen supply, is produced through the steam reforming of natural gas. The U.S. demand for hydrogen currently is about 9 million tons per year. Of this amount, about 1.5 million tons is merchant hydrogen production that is sold to refineries and chemical plants. In refineries, hydrogen is produced as a by-product of naphtha reforming, and any supplemental hydrogen is produced from steam reforming of natural gas. The chemical industry also uses hydrogen, mostly to manufacture ammonia and other nitrogen-based fertilizers. Hydrogen for the chemical industry is also produced from steam reforming of natural gas, although some chemical plants use coal gasification (i.e., partial oxidation) to produce hydrogen. In total, about 95 percent of U.S. hydrogen production for supplemental refinery needs and the chemical industry is produced from natural gas using steam reforming technology.
mcgarrdan98

Geothermal Energy: Construction Impacts - 0 views

teeic.anl.gov/...index.cfm

geothermal pollution

shared by mcgarrdan98 on 12 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Emissions generated during the construction phase include exhaust from vehicular traffic and construction equipment, fugitive dust from traffic on paved and unpaved roads, and the release of geothermal fluid vapors (especially hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, mercury, arsenic, and boron, if present in the reservoir). Activities such as site clearing and grading, power plant and pipeline system construction, and transmission line construction would have more intense exhaust-related emissions over a period of 2 to 10 years. Impacts would depend upon the amount, duration, location, and characteristics of the emissions and the meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, precipitation, and relative humidity).
  • Most impacts to ecological resources (vegetation, wildlife, aquatic biota, special status species, and their habitats) would be low to moderate and localized during the construction phase (although impacts due to noise could be high). Activities such as site clearing and grading, road construction, power plant construction, ancillary facility construction, and vehicle traffic have the potential to affect ecological resources by disturbing habitat, increasing erosion and runoff, and creating noise at the project site. Impacts to vegetation include loss of native species and species diversity; increased risk of invasive species; increased risk of topsoil erosion and seed bank depletion; increased risk of fire; and alteration of water and seed dispersal.
  • Solid and industrial waste would be generated during construction activities. Much of the solid waste would be nonhazardous, consisting of containers and packaging materials, miscellaneous wastes from equipment assembly and presence of construction crews (food wrappers and scraps), and woody vegetation. Industrial wastes would include minor amounts of paints, coatings, and spent solvents. Most of these materials would likely be transported off-site for disposal.
dextereli99

SOLAR POWER BENEFITS - 0 views

www.vivasolar.com/solarpowerbenifits.html

solar sustainable cost pollution

shared by dextereli99 on 12 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Advantages of solar power are many. Although solar power is an energy source that we have only recently tapped into, it may easily become the most important energy source of the future. • Solar power is a renewable and natural resource. • Solar power is non-polluting. Unlike oil, solar power does not emit greenhouse gases or carcinogens into the air. • Light and energy from the sun costs nothing. Once you purchase the equipment to collect and convert energy from the sun, it costs you nothing to run. • Solar cells require little maintenance. • Solar cells can last a lifetime. • Solar power is silent.
  • • Solar energy can be used to heat water, dry clothes, heat swimming pools, power attic fans, power small appliances, produce light for both indoors and outdoors, and even to power cars, among other things.
  • • Solar energy products can be very expensive. The initial cost is, perhaps, the main disadvantage of solar energy. • To reach maximum level of efficiency you need a relatively large area to install solar panels. • Depending where you live (Arizona vs. Alaska, around many shady trees or in the desert, etc.), you will get different results with solar energy systems.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • • If you have a really good solar energy system, one that produces even more energy than you use, your utility company might buy that extra energy from you. • When you use solar energy, you and your home become independent on foreign or other sources of energy which raise costs quickly. • To run solar water pumps, you do not even need to connect to a gas or power grid. • Solar energy cannot be produced at night or if there is a lot of pollution in the air or clouds over the sun.
  • • Of course, realize you can have a battery backup system for your solar energy system that will take care of the problems that could arise when the sun does not. • You can install solar energy in remote locations. • If there is a power outage, but you run on solar, you will still have electricity! • As your energy needs grow, you can add more solar panels
  • • Technology for solar energy is constantly improving.
rutalil00

How long has wind power been used? - Curiosity - 0 views

curiosity.discovery.com/...how-long-wind-power-use

history

shared by rutalil00 on 08 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Windmills were first used to grind grain anywhere from 2000 to 4000 years ago in ancient Persia or Babylon;
  • The initial use of wind power was by Egyptians in 3000 B.C. to move their sailboats.
  • freeberntay99 on 08 Mar 13
     
    "The initial use of wind power was by Egyptians in 3000 B.C. to move their sailboats. Windmills were first used to grind grain anywhere from 2000 to 4000 years ago in ancient Persia or Babylon; crusaders brought the windmill idea back to Europe with them in the 11th century A.D. In the 1930s, windmills in rural areas of the U.S. pumped water and generated electricity."
  • justice colvin on 24 Sep 13
     
    In the 1930s, windmills in rural areas of the U.S. pumped water and generated electricity.
  • kurishkri00 on 24 Sep 13
     
    The initial use of wind power was by Egyptians in 3000 B.C. to move their sailboats. Windmills were first used to grind grain anywhere from 2000 to 4000 years ago in ancient Persia or Babylon; crusaders brought the windmill idea back to Europe with them in the 11th century A.D.
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