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Kaku talks about space colonization in the future. "Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation outside of Earth. Many arguments have been made for space colonization. A common one is ensuring the survival of human civilization and Earth's biosphere from disasters such as asteroid impact or global nuclear war. Another is helping to provide unlimited space-based solar power and other resources to let all human beings on Earth enjoy developed-world lifestyles with far less environmental damage, and eventually providing a High Frontier where any number of people may settle and thrive. After its successful Apollo project moon landings, the US NASA sponsored the first formal engineering studies of a space colony concept: Princeton professor Gerard O'Neill and colleagues' proposals to build space colonies and Solar Power Satellites (SPS) from lunar materials.[1][2] These proposals are striking for their boldness, level of detail and technical rigor. The thickness of metal beams needed to contain the colony's atmosphere and withstand rotation for artificial gravity was engineered. Chemical reactions to smelt them out of Moon rocks were worked out (by a young K. Eric Drexler, who later became famous as the founder of Nanotechnology).[3] The Moon rocks would be launched to the desired orbital location cheaply using O'Neill's electromagnetic mass driver. Modifying standard 1970s industrial productivity figures as needed (work in space suits would be slower; moving heavy objects in weightlessness easier than in factories on Earth), they estimated that the 10,000-person workforce housed in the first Island One colony could produce one giant SPS-capable of supplying 5% of total American electricity demand-each year. Yet the project timeline didn't call for producing the first commercial SPS until Year 22, and the huge investment-totaling almost $200 billion in 1975 dollars-wouldn't be fully repaid unt

"The skeptics among the Old Space people will say to the upstarts: Where's your rocket? How many times have you launched? Can you deliver reliably? Repeatedly? Safely? We put a man on the moon - what have you done?" I find this source to be incredibly useful for it describes how current companies are already at work creating innovations in space travel. It shows how "Old Space" and "New Space" are competing with each other and how NASA is chipping in. I will use this website to learn what we already have and how far we still need to go. I believe this is a reliable source because it was published by The Washington Post, a typically trustworthy website.

In this website you will find information about how space is planning to be commercialized. You can currently buy a ticket to go up into space for $250,000.The plan for the future is that people want to create companies that would ship people up into space for a reasonable price, so that people could go on vacations into space. Also, the plan is to make space travel commercial, much like air-line companies, instead of having space travel be a strictly governmental idea. One way to help our governments travel further into space and explore, is the new idea to use the moon as a base to help rockets fuel-up. Basically, they want the moon to be a gas station for rockets and use some of the dirt from the moon to help create the fuel. This website is very helpful in giving various information about the commercialization of space.

"A space elevator is a proposed type of space transportation system.[1] Its main component is a ribbon-like cable (also called a tether) anchored to the surface and extending into space." The space elevator is a not yet actual idea of travelling into space without the large space shuttles.

LISA will create an upheaval in scientific knowledge "The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a proposed space mission concept designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves[3] - tiny ripples in the fabric of space-time - from astronomical sources. The LISA Project has now evolved into eLISA (Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). The project is currently a collaboration of the self-funded and independent eLISA consortium. [4] The LISA project was previously a joint effort between the United States space agency NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. However, on April 8, 2011, NASA announced that it would likely be unable to continue its LISA partnership with the European Space Agency,[5] due to funding limitations. [6] ESA has therefore revised the mission's concept to fit into a European-only cost envelope. Currently the project is undergoing the selection process for one of the next large ESA mission. [7]"

"The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a proposed space mission concept designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves" LISA is also called a Big Bang Observer. Those who believe in the Big Bang are hoping that LISA will be able to prove their theory.

"It is a real possibility -- a "space elevator" -- that researchers are considering today as a far-out space transportation system for the next century." Spacec travel is becoming a more realistic idea. This form of transportation may become widespread in the near future.

"Yes, ladies and gentlemen, welcome aboard NASA's Millennium-Two Space Elevator. Your first stop will be the Lunar-level platform before we continue on to the New Frontier Space Colony development. The entire ride will take about 5 hours, so sit back and enjoy the trip. As we rise, be sure to watch outside the window as the curvature of the Earth becomes visible and the sky changes from deep blue to black, truly one of the most breathtaking views you will ever see!" The concept of an elevator, designed to take one beyond the atmosphere of the Earth and into space, has been tossed around a while. The elevator, which is predicted to be 35,786 km in height, may be able to become a reality.

"The space elevator may be the answer." This is a quote from this article. This article is from the NASA website. It is reliable because it is from a very reliable company, NASA. This article is explaining what a space elevator is, how it works, and and what it's place will be in 2100, or sometime in the future. We can definitely use this information for making predictions about space travel in our project. I like this source because it was not just a website talking about small details in space elevator construction. This website was very detailed in explaining the science of space elevators. This shows how space elevators will become popular and normal by 2100.

On this website you will find out what New Space really is. This website tells you that New Space is basically the term for the commercialization of space. This website is reliable because of all the information in this website is taken from the Office of Space Commercialization and this website is a government website. You can understand what exactly New Space is and what entrepreneurs hope New Space becomes and evolves into. You will also find how the government is involved in New Space and how humanity as we know it is looking to evolve our space programs for tourism to help boost our economy. This website is an amazing place to get the understanding of what New Space really is.

"Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, such as Virgin Galactic, hoping to create a space tourism industry." Space tourism, in the future, would be the equivalent of taking a trip to the beach. It would be easy to simply vacation on the Moon.

This article is useful because it explores the profound advantages of modern space technology. Several factors limit the depth of space exploration for humans. Astronauts would be able to travel further if they had better space suits. A single fault in any type of space suit is fatal, as the vast climate of space is so much different from the atmosphere of Earth and therefore completely nonsupporting of a human without full insulation and protection. High-tech space suits could not only provide better comfort to astronauts, but they could also provide more convenience and productivity, resulting in higher overall performance. Not only could improved, futuristic spacesuits enable astronauts to support themselves for an extended period of time, enabling them to travel further distances, newer technology might even be able to bring humans to places that have been far too hostile to travel before-- like Mars.

"Is it time to push the "up" button on the space elevator?" This article is from www.space.com. This website is reliable and is used by many people who want to stay up to date on what is going on in the world of space. I think that we could very well use this resource to make predictions with. This website does very well in creating an idea of how space travel will fit into everyday life in 2100.This website does show how space will be the new Florida. I say that because everyone vacations in Florida. I really like this website and how it can make us do very well in prediction making.

"Make your reservations now. The space tourism industry is officially open for business, and tickets are going for a mere $20 million for a one-week stay in space. " Space tourism is already happening, but for unrealistic prices. It is only for people who can pay a great sum of money.

This summarizes the trends in the chapter of medicine. "Future of Medicine Near Future: Genomic Medicine, Medical Scanners, Stem Cells, Midcentury: Gene Therapy, Designer Children Far Future: Reversing Aging, Immortality, Bringing Back Dinosaurs & Neanderthals, Germ Warfare"

Review of the book giving insight into each chapter

Review of the book giving insight into each chapter

This website offers various information on TPF, or the Terrestrial Planet Finder. This website is especially useful, for it tells you not only how the machine works but why it still is not currently in space. You will learn why this machine is so important and how it could truly help humanity in finding other life in space. This website is reliable, for it is an edited newspaper taken from various reliable sources. You can understand how the machine works and how it plans on finding other life by reading this website.

"SAN FRANCISCO - 3-D printing, used to construct everything from art to toys to spare parts for the space station, may one day produce human organs at a hospital near you. click image to enlarge A 3-D printed prosthetic nose and ear are displayed at an industry show in London in November. The technology may eventually help reduce organ shortages. Bloomberg News photo by Chris Ratcliffe Select images available for purchase in the Maine Today Photo Store The 20-year-old technology uses liquid materials that become hard as they print out three-dimensional objects in layers, based on a digital model. Current medical uses are in dentistry, for hard-material crowns, caps and bridges, as well as prosthetics. Last year, a 3-D printer was used to create a structure from moldable polymer that replaced more than 75 percent of a patient's skull. Now, Organovo Holdings Inc. is using 3-D printers to create living tissue that may one day look and act like a human liver, able to cleanse the body of toxins. Drugmakers and cosmetic companies already plan to use 3-D printed human tissue to test new products. Eventually, the technology may help reduce organ shortages and cut transplant rejections as patients receive new organs constructed from their own cells. "3-D printing is like a new tool set," said Organovo Chief Executive Officer Keith Murphy. "You can make a living tissue you can grow outside the body. That's the core of our technology. How can you be smart about doing that?" Organovo already is preparing to sell strips of liver tissue to drugmakers this year to be used to test toxicity of potential treatments, Murphy said in a telephone interview. The San Diego-based company's five- and 10-year goals are first to use a patient's own cells to print tissue strips that can be used to patch failing organs, and finally to be able to create entire new organs. The first 3-D printer was produced in 1992. Since then, a variety of materials have been used as the t

"A trip to the moon on gossamer strings? A "partial" space elevator that could carry satellites to geosynchronous orbit might be just the ticket." This source gives a great insight on how a space elevator would be created an operated. It has great information on much it may cost, how it would be used, and how it could even be possible. This is a reliable source, as National Geographic is a reliable company. I believe this resource could be very useful for our themes and research.

A space elevator made of a carbon nanotubes composite ribbon anchored to an offshore sea platform would stretch to a small counterweight approximately 62,000 miles (100,000 km) into space.

In this article you will find key information to begin the great researching stage of this project. While reading this website you learn that one of the main goals of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and NASA are to create an Interstellar Spaceship that would be able to travel to stars that are light years away. This project is what they will be focusing a majority of their research on and giving grants to separate organizations to help them carry out this goal. They are hoping to develop this spaceship in the next 100 years and are hoping to use futuristic technologies such as thermonuclear engines, or sending vehicles across the galaxy by bouncing laser beams off their sails to help create these spaceships. They are also offering to accept new ideas such as anti-gravity engines, and plasma shields. This website holds very useful information.

In this article you can find various information about the future of propulsion devices that are planned to be used for the future rockets. This article strictly keys in on the idea of Nuclear Fusion Generators to provide energy for the rocket. Although, in this article they also state that this may not happen anytime soon because of the fact that so far, humanity has not been able to create a generator that creates more energy than it consumes. Other ideas include extremely large solar panel sails that have lasers bouncing off of them. This article includes very useful information about futuristic propulsion devices.

In any realistic learning application, the entire instance space will be so large that any learning algorithm can expect to see only a small fraction of it during training. From this small fraction, a hypothesis must be formed that classifies all the unseen instances. If the learning algorithm performs well then most of these unseen instances should be classified correctly. However, if no restric- tions are placed on the hypothesis space and no "preference criterion" 1124] is supplied for comparing competing hypotheses, then all possible classifications of the unseen instances are equally possible and no inductive method can do better on average than random guessing [261. Hence all learning algorithms employ some mechanism whereby the space of hypotheses is restricted or whereby some hypotheses are preferred a priori over others. This is known as inductive bias I hope to use this source to learn more about how artificial intelligence learns, as I have read in other places that the kind that learns from the "bottom up" learns by making mistakes and learning from them. AI, if to be truly intelligent, is probably going to have to learn the way we did; by experience and example. In Kaku's book, he mentions the differences between two artificially intelligent robots that he "met". One, STAIR, had a limited database and was programmed to do what it did. Another, LAGR, piloted itself through a park, bumping into miscellaneous objects and learning their locations so that on the next pass, it would not hit them. I hope to learn more about that kind of logic by reading this article, as I think it is important to have a better understanding of exactly how artificial intelligence learns.

"When discussing the possibility of interstellar travel, there is something called "the giggle factor." Some scientists tend to scoff at the idea of interstellar travel because of the enormous distances that separate the stars." This site goes into great detail about the amount of energy and the level of technology required for interstellar space travel. Michio Kaku describes that many scientists believe that interstellar space travel would be impractical and impossible, considering the massive distance between stars. For instance, traveling at light speed would take you roughly 100,000 years to reach the edge of the Milky Way galaxy. This is a reliable source, considering it was written by Michio Kaku himself.

In this article you will learn about the specific next steps that will be implemented to extend our exploration of the solar system. We plan on using the moon as a fueling station for our rockets so that we could travel further away from the Earth. Although, unlike other articles, this one goes into more details explaining how our base would most likely be located on the South Pole of the moon, because of the hydrogen rich soil in that region that could be transformed into fuel. Next, this article talks about how NASA wants to build new spaceships called Orion crew exploration vehicles that would be three times larger in volume than their other space crafts and is flexible, reusable, and can land on land repeatedly. This article may not dive in depth of what we will see far into the future, but this article truly shows what the next step is to getting there.