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this is the the definition of the human genome. "The human genome is the complete set of genetic information for humans (Homo sapiens). This information is encoded as DNA sequences within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Haploid human genomes (contained in egg and sperm cells) consist of three billion DNA base pairs, while diploid genomes (found in somatic cells) have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals (on the order of 0.1%), these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees (approximately 4%[1]) and bonobos."

"SAN FRANCISCO - 3-D printing, used to construct everything from art to toys to spare parts for the space station, may one day produce human organs at a hospital near you. click image to enlarge A 3-D printed prosthetic nose and ear are displayed at an industry show in London in November. The technology may eventually help reduce organ shortages. Bloomberg News photo by Chris Ratcliffe Select images available for purchase in the Maine Today Photo Store The 20-year-old technology uses liquid materials that become hard as they print out three-dimensional objects in layers, based on a digital model. Current medical uses are in dentistry, for hard-material crowns, caps and bridges, as well as prosthetics. Last year, a 3-D printer was used to create a structure from moldable polymer that replaced more than 75 percent of a patient's skull. Now, Organovo Holdings Inc. is using 3-D printers to create living tissue that may one day look and act like a human liver, able to cleanse the body of toxins. Drugmakers and cosmetic companies already plan to use 3-D printed human tissue to test new products. Eventually, the technology may help reduce organ shortages and cut transplant rejections as patients receive new organs constructed from their own cells. "3-D printing is like a new tool set," said Organovo Chief Executive Officer Keith Murphy. "You can make a living tissue you can grow outside the body. That's the core of our technology. How can you be smart about doing that?" Organovo already is preparing to sell strips of liver tissue to drugmakers this year to be used to test toxicity of potential treatments, Murphy said in a telephone interview. The San Diego-based company's five- and 10-year goals are first to use a patient's own cells to print tissue strips that can be used to patch failing organs, and finally to be able to create entire new organs. The first 3-D printer was produced in 1992. Since then, a variety of materials have been used as the t

"We are on a search for who we are. What does it mean to be a human? Can there be more than one kind of human? In fact, what exactly is a human?" In this article on Huffington Post, Kevin Kelly addresses the fact that we, as humans, do not really know who we are as well as questions the authenticity of what is around us. Growing technology and the internet make people question their identities even more, as they may enable us to change our physical features, as well as make people question what is real. Upon further research, I have found that Kevin Kelly was a co-founder of the Wired magazine and has recently gotten a book, What Technology Wants, published. I feel that this online article is a very reliable source based on the aforementioned information about the author and I to think about the questions that Kelly brought up while I read Physics of the Future. Citations: "Biography." Kevin Kelly. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.

Kaku talks about space colonization in the future. "Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation outside of Earth. Many arguments have been made for space colonization. A common one is ensuring the survival of human civilization and Earth's biosphere from disasters such as asteroid impact or global nuclear war. Another is helping to provide unlimited space-based solar power and other resources to let all human beings on Earth enjoy developed-world lifestyles with far less environmental damage, and eventually providing a High Frontier where any number of people may settle and thrive. After its successful Apollo project moon landings, the US NASA sponsored the first formal engineering studies of a space colony concept: Princeton professor Gerard O'Neill and colleagues' proposals to build space colonies and Solar Power Satellites (SPS) from lunar materials.[1][2] These proposals are striking for their boldness, level of detail and technical rigor. The thickness of metal beams needed to contain the colony's atmosphere and withstand rotation for artificial gravity was engineered. Chemical reactions to smelt them out of Moon rocks were worked out (by a young K. Eric Drexler, who later became famous as the founder of Nanotechnology).[3] The Moon rocks would be launched to the desired orbital location cheaply using O'Neill's electromagnetic mass driver. Modifying standard 1970s industrial productivity figures as needed (work in space suits would be slower; moving heavy objects in weightlessness easier than in factories on Earth), they estimated that the 10,000-person workforce housed in the first Island One colony could produce one giant SPS-capable of supplying 5% of total American electricity demand-each year. Yet the project timeline didn't call for producing the first commercial SPS until Year 22, and the huge investment-totaling almost $200 billion in 1975 dollars-wouldn't be fully repaid unt

"The terraforming of Mars is the hypothetical process by which Martian climate, surface, and known properties would be deliberately changed with the goal of making large areas of the environment more hospitable to human habitation, thus making human colonization much safer and more sustainable." Terraforming Mars is the idea of making Mars suitable for humans to live there. It hasn't become an actual thing yet.

Bio-printing human organs and tissue: Get ready for the great 3D printer debate"

Scenarios for the Future of humanity

I believe this is an extraordinary website. It seems to do a great job exhibiting what our future may hold. Seems very useful as an outline for research or opinions.

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. this means that when nanomites they will be so small that we wont even e able to see them through a microscope. "In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair"

"In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair [source: Berkeley Lab]. As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller -- about 0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe. You and everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At the atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the nanoscale, we can potentially put these atoms together to make almost anything" Nanotechnology is measured in a nanometer, which is one-billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology is extremely small, and can help create something from something not seen with human eye.

"The next step: 3D printing the human body" This page has great videos!

"The Matrix is a 1999 American-Australian science fiction action film written and directed by The Wachowski Brothers, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano. It depicts a dystopian future in which reality as perceived by most humans is actually a simulated reality called "the Matrix", created by sentient machines to subdue the human population, while their bodies' heat and electrical activity are used as an energy source. Computer programmer "Neo" learns this truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, which involves other people who have been freed from the "dream world"." This is what I found about "The Matrix". It does not go with Wealth. This should not be a theme.

Physicists rank everything, even human civilizations, by the energy it consumes.

"Artificial intelligence (AI) would be the possession of intelligence, or the exercise of thought, by machines such as computers."

"While we don't know what thought or intelligence is, essentially, and while we're very far from agreed on what things do and don't have it, almost everyone agrees that humans think, and agrees with Descartes that our intelligence is amply manifest in our speech. Along these lines, Alan Turing suggested that if computers showed human level conversational abilities we should, by that, be amply assured of their intelligence. Turing proposed a specific conversational test for human-level intelligence, the "Turing test" it has come to be called. Turing himself characterizes this test in terms of an "imitation game"" This seems to be a wonderful source, and I feel that it is reliable because it is an official academic resource, reviewed by many. I plan on using this fantastic source for general information, and specifically the bit I quoted for determining exactly what qualifies as an artificial intelligence. Many computers are considered "thoughtful" but what truly defines AI I play to learn from Turing's Test; an experiment developed by Alan Turing (another facet I would consider researching)

This article is useful because it explores the profound advantages of modern space technology. Several factors limit the depth of space exploration for humans. Astronauts would be able to travel further if they had better space suits. A single fault in any type of space suit is fatal, as the vast climate of space is so much different from the atmosphere of Earth and therefore completely nonsupporting of a human without full insulation and protection. High-tech space suits could not only provide better comfort to astronauts, but they could also provide more convenience and productivity, resulting in higher overall performance. Not only could improved, futuristic spacesuits enable astronauts to support themselves for an extended period of time, enabling them to travel further distances, newer technology might even be able to bring humans to places that have been far too hostile to travel before-- like Mars.

"Many scientists believe the exponential growth in computing power leads inevitably to a future moment when computers will attain human-level intelligence: an event known as the "singularity"." I find this site very useful because it gives insight from many different perspectives about different possibilities for the future of the computer. It talks about how computers will possibly be capable of out thinking humans. On the contrary, the source talks about how computers may not be capable of outperforming humans. I believe this source is reliable because it contains quotes from many respected scientists, including Michio Kaku.

"Computing has developed at an amazing pace over the last few decades, but even today's computers are essentially glorified calculators" This site is useful because it shares very interesting information about the future of computers acting and thinking like humans. This site is reliable because it is on a news website backed by facts.

"The general representation of a cyborg is that seen in science fiction films of a fusion between human and machine." This site is useful because it shares with us what could happen with the developement of cyborgs in the future. This site is reliable because I searched it on easybib and it said it was.

"By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And a landing on Mars will follow. And I expect to be around to see it," [President Barack Obama] said in April 2010 during an address at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida." When it comes to looking for new potential places to land and establish civilization, moons are often overlooked. While the colonization of Mars is predicted to begin within the next century, humans may be sent to Deimos much sooner. Deimos is one of the two moons of Mars, and it is predicted to be able to sustain life. I think that even though overpopulation is not the greatest problem that humanity faces right now, finding a place to live outside of our home planet may be a worthwhile endeavor.

This website is a basic prediction of what the world will be like in 2100. The predictions are very in-depth of what the population will live like, and how their lives will be sustained. Most of the world will be living in cities or urban areas. Also, there will be a small number of frequently used languages. These predictions and others are very reliable and seem very accurate. The website is the Business Insider, talking about economics and how humanity can and will affect it. This website is reliable because many powerful business leaders look to it for advice. It is a great source to use to see what a day in life will be like for a human in 2100. "Will we be doomed by 2100, or can we make it work? Since we've only got one planet (so far), let's hope for the latter."

"What happens when machines become smarter than humans? Humans steer the future not because we're the strongest or the fastest but because we're the smartest. When machines become smarter than humans, we'll be handing them the steering wheel. What promises-and perils-will these powerful machines present?" I found this source when looking for information on the "technological singularity" predicted to come by many of Kaku's interviewees. It is difficult to find legitimate sources on this topic, but I think this one is going to be helpful. The link is not to any of their specific articles, but there are many to be explored. I recommend at least skimming some of these articles, as they will give us a more specific idea of how such a singularity would happen.

Judith Aquino from NBC wrote this article predicting nine jobs that humans may lose in the future and explains why we might lose them.