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Roy Fielding writes a PhD dissertation describing the architectural style of the World Wide Web. He coins the term 'Representational State Transfer' (REST) to describe it - after all, if you're going to talk about something, you need to give it a name. Somehow, in a semantic shift of epic fail proportions, the term REST has also come to mean something completely different to most people, a 'style' of writing web services. This style has no agreed protocol.

"Lately I've been talking a lot about rich client applications written in HTML and JavaScript. These are frequently referred to as "SPAs" (Single Page Applications). I call them SPAs myself - it's cute and flows easily off the tongue. Unfortunately the phrase "single page application" badly misrepresents the true nature of this architectural style."

This article will focus on one of the most important functional programming constructs: working with values as opposed to identities. I'll discuss the strong support C++ has always had for working with values, then show how the new C++ 11 standard expands this support with lambdas. Finally, I'll introduce a method of working with immutable data structures that maintains the speed C++ is known for while providing the protection that functional languages have long enjoyed.