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the traces of an ancient watershed in the Sinai Desert may hold clues to making sustainable agriculture possible in one of the driest places on earth

Geological evidence indicates that the Eastern Sahara has undergone climatic fluctuations of wet and dry episodes over the last two to three million years, with the last major wet cycle occurring between 9,500 and 4,500 years ago

The wind power in Al-Arish and Rafah is not enough for economic applications, since the mean wind speed values at both sites are low as shown in figure (1). Therefore, we must investigate the possibility of using solar energy rather than wind energy at these sites

Wind power in Al-Arish and Rafah is relatively low. So that, the use of wind turbines may be limited for water pumping only. (3)       The solar energy applications are promising in Al-Arish and Rafah rather than the wind energy utilization due to the solar radiation richness in these sit

The wind results from the fact that the earth's equatorial regions receive more solar radiation than the polar region. This causes large-scale convection current in the atmosphere

According to Minister of Local Development General Adel Labib, LE100 million would be allocated to North Sinai of which LE18.4 million would be allocated to the development of electricity networks and public lighting, LE49 million to paving roads, LE8.5 million to environmental improvement, LE4.4 million to support local security, traffic and firefighting agencies, and LE20 million to fund the urgent needs of municipalities

2- The Railroad Line The railroad line's length reaches 225 km. from Ismailia/Al-Arish/Rafah and includes 13 stations. 6 stations were carried out which are: Al-Qantara East/Gilbana/Balooza/Romana/Negila/Beir Al-Abd. The cost of this line reaches LE 320 million from Al-Ferdan to Beir Al-Abd at a length of 100 km as a first phase, and 7 stations of 125 km as a second phase. 3- Al-Ferdan Bridge (of the railroad) Al-Ferdan Bridge is located on the north of Ismailia and is considered as the longest railroad in the world, as its length reaches 4 km. 4- Mubarak-Al-Salam Bridge The bridge is located in the south of Al-Qantara East city at a length of 9 km, a wide of 20 m and a cost of LE 670 million.

6- Electrical Link projects The electrical lines were established to link Al-Qantara and Al-Arish (220 k), Al-Shat and Ras Al-Naqb (500 k), and the link was implemented on the united electricity network on 26/12/1998.