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Rudy Garns

Neuroscience: Small, furry … and smart - 0 views

www.nature.com/...461862a.html

neuroscience intelligence memory CDC evolution

shared by Rudy Garns on 14 Oct 09 - No Cached
  • Much of the work involves making an adult brain behave more like a younger, more flexible version of itself by increasing the organ's plasticity.
  • neuroscientists using genetic engineering to generate cognitively enhanced animals in a bid to understand memory and learning.
  • Tsien created Doogie by overexpressing a subunit of the NMDA receptor called NR2B. This kept the receptors open for longer, strengthening the synaptic link and making it easier for disparate events to be linked together.
  • Rudy Garns on 14 Oct 09
     
    Tsien, based at Princeton University in New Jersey at the time, named his creation Doogie after the teenage genius in the television programme Doogie Howser, MD. The work was one of the earliest examples of neuroscientists using genetic engineering to generate cognitively enhanced animals in a bid to understand memory and learning.
Rudy Garns

Young neurons led astray - 0 views

scienceblogs.com/...young_neurons_led_astray.php

neurophilosophy neurogenesis brains neurons

shared by Rudy Garns on 13 Nov 08 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 13 Nov 08
     
    "Cdk5 therefore appears to be crucial only for later stages of the maturation of newborn neurons. The authors suggest that the improper connections formed by these cells could interfere with information processing in the hippocampus. However, they did not carry out any behavioural tests to explore the consequences of blocking cdk5 activity. This would be an interesting thing to do next, given the recent discovery that new neurons are needed for new memories. Nevertheless, the new findings could have important implications for the use of stem cells in cell replacement therapies for neurological diseases, as they suggest that cells would have to be transplanted accurately into specific locations in order to be effective. " (Neurophilosophy)
Rudy Garns

Cognitive science research to revolutionize the legal system - 0 views

aurmoth.blogspot.com/...itive-science-research-to.html

neuroethics neurolaw neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 25 Jan 10 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 25 Jan 10
     
    What if a jury could decide a man's guilt through mind reading? What if reading a defendant's memory could betray their guilt? And what constitutes 'intent' to commit murder? These are just some of the issues debated and reviewed in the inaugural issue of WIREs Cognitive Science, the latest interdisciplinary project from Wiley-Blackwell, which for registered institutions will be free for the first two years. In the article "Neurolaw," in the inaugural issue of WIREs Cognitive Science, co-authors Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and Annabelle Belcher assess the potential for the latest cognitive science research to revolutionize the legal system.
Rudy Garns

The Simpsons Excites and Re-excites the same Neurons - 0 views

mnemosynosis.livejournal.com/20842.html

neurons brains memory

shared by Rudy Garns on 10 Dec 08 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 10 Dec 08
     
    "In the study, Prof. Fried observed the neural activity in the brains of 13 epilepsy patients, as the patients watched clips from TV shows like Seinfeld and The Simpsons. A short while after, the test subjects were asked to describe what they remembered from the video clips. During recall, the exact same neurons that had fired while viewing a clip fired once again while the subject was recalling it. Soon, the researchers were able to predict what clip the subjects would recall just by looking at the neurons that lit up seconds before the recall experience was vocalized."
Rudy Garns

Mixing Memory : Emotion, Reason, and Moral Judgment - 0 views

scienceblogs.com/...study_on_emotion_reason_an.php

morality neuroethics neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 02 Apr 08 - Cached
  • emotion and intuition, both of which operate automatically and unconsciously for the most part, play a much larger role than most philosophers and psychologists had previously been willing to admit.
  • VMPC plays a role in encoding the reward value of stimuli, as well as emotions like fear.
  • determines approach and avoidance behavior.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • patients with damage to the VMPC, who have trouble processing emotional value as a result of that damage, would behave differently in those scenarios than normal individuals (and other brain-damaged patients
  • The standard interpretation of these results is that in the impersonal scenarios, people are making the moral decision using conscious reasoning. Specifically, they are thought to be using utilitarian ethical principles to make the decision to flip the switch and kill one person to save five. In the personal scenarios, however, people tend not to make utilitarian decisions, and researchers therefore believe that they are basing their decision on the emotional response the situation elicits.
  • damage to the VMPC can make decisions related to the value of a stimulus more difficult
  • there was a difference between the normal patients (and brain-damaged elsewhere patients) and the VMPC-damaged patients for the high-conflict personal moral scenarios. The normal and non-VMPC brain-damaged patients said "no" (they wouldn't smother the baby, e.g.) about 80% of the time in response to these scenarios, while the VMPC-damaged patients said no less than 60% of the time (in fact, their response rate was pretty close to 50-50).
  • more rational
  • they just didn't know how to respond to those scenarios
  • unable to decide
  • when people are making these decisions, both the emotional reaction and the moral principle are available at the same time, and one will win out over the other, depending largely on the strength of the emotional response (which is strong in the personal scenarios, and weak in the impersonal ones, at least when they're just being read on paper). This would be inconsistent with strong intuitionist theories of moral judgment.
  • Rudy Garns on 02 Apr 08
     
    Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasion, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature.
Rudy Garns

Study Finds Brain Injury Changes Moral Judgment - New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...21cnd-brain.html

brain ethics morality neuroethics neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07 - Cached
  • native revulsion
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • active during moral decision-making
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • a very specific kind of emotion-based judgment is altered when the region is offline
  • emotional system
  • utilitarian cost-benefit analyses
  • ventromedial area
  • ventromedial area
  • blind to subtle social cues, making them socially awkward
  • strongly rejected doing harm to others in situations that were not a matter of trading one certain death for another.
  • direct action to kill or harm someone
  • Those with ventromedial injuries were about twice as likely as the other participants to say they would push someone in front of the train
  • navigate social interactions
  • brain stem
  • amygdala
  • emotional memories,
  • social emotions that we can feel, like embarrassment, guilt, compassion that are critical to guiding our social behavior,
  • ension between cost-benefit calculations and instinctive emotion
  • ancient principle: respect for the life of another human being
    • Rudy Garns
      Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07
       
      It would be interesting to see whether other primates use the ventromedial cortex for similar responses to dilemmas involving conspecifics.
  • increased willingness to kill or harm another person if doing so would save others' lives
    • Rudy Garns
      Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07
       
      I wonder what would happen if you adjust the identity of the sacrificable person. What happens if person is a stranger versus a family member? They do run the "smother your baby" dilemma. Does it make a difference if it is a stranger? What about alternative to the other five victims? What information is the VMPFC working with?
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