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Rudy Garns

Mixing Memory : Emotion, Reason, and Moral Judgment - 0 views

scienceblogs.com/...study_on_emotion_reason_an.php

morality neuroethics neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 02 Apr 08 - Cached
  • emotion and intuition, both of which operate automatically and unconsciously for the most part, play a much larger role than most philosophers and psychologists had previously been willing to admit.
  • VMPC plays a role in encoding the reward value of stimuli, as well as emotions like fear.
  • determines approach and avoidance behavior.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • patients with damage to the VMPC, who have trouble processing emotional value as a result of that damage, would behave differently in those scenarios than normal individuals (and other brain-damaged patients
  • The standard interpretation of these results is that in the impersonal scenarios, people are making the moral decision using conscious reasoning. Specifically, they are thought to be using utilitarian ethical principles to make the decision to flip the switch and kill one person to save five. In the personal scenarios, however, people tend not to make utilitarian decisions, and researchers therefore believe that they are basing their decision on the emotional response the situation elicits.
  • damage to the VMPC can make decisions related to the value of a stimulus more difficult
  • there was a difference between the normal patients (and brain-damaged elsewhere patients) and the VMPC-damaged patients for the high-conflict personal moral scenarios. The normal and non-VMPC brain-damaged patients said "no" (they wouldn't smother the baby, e.g.) about 80% of the time in response to these scenarios, while the VMPC-damaged patients said no less than 60% of the time (in fact, their response rate was pretty close to 50-50).
  • more rational
  • they just didn't know how to respond to those scenarios
  • unable to decide
  • when people are making these decisions, both the emotional reaction and the moral principle are available at the same time, and one will win out over the other, depending largely on the strength of the emotional response (which is strong in the personal scenarios, and weak in the impersonal ones, at least when they're just being read on paper). This would be inconsistent with strong intuitionist theories of moral judgment.
  • Rudy Garns on 02 Apr 08
     
    Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasion, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature.
Rudy Garns

Anterior cingulate cortex - Wikipedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Anterior_cingulate_cortex

anterior.cingulate brain neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07 - Cached
  • the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is primarily related to rational cognition while the ventral is more related to emotional cognition.
  • early learning and problem solving
  • processing top-down and bottom-up stimuli and assigning appropriate control to other areas in the brain.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • ACC response in Stroop task experiments (designed to measure adherence to sequential decision-making paths) remains relatively elevated in typical human subjects, as the alternative - spontaneity - is sacrificed.
  • A typical task that activates the ACC involves eliciting some form of conflict within the participant that can potentially result in an error.
  • inability to detect errors, severe difficulty with resolving stimulus conflict in a Stroop task, emotional instability, inattention, and akinetic mutism
  • difficulty in dealing with conflicting spatial locations in a Stroop-like task and having abnormal ERNs
  • appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion.
Rudy Garns

Study Finds Brain Injury Changes Moral Judgment - New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...21cnd-brain.html

brain ethics morality neuroethics neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07 - Cached
  • native revulsion
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • active during moral decision-making
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • a very specific kind of emotion-based judgment is altered when the region is offline
  • emotional system
  • utilitarian cost-benefit analyses
  • ventromedial area
  • ventromedial area
  • blind to subtle social cues, making them socially awkward
  • strongly rejected doing harm to others in situations that were not a matter of trading one certain death for another.
  • direct action to kill or harm someone
  • Those with ventromedial injuries were about twice as likely as the other participants to say they would push someone in front of the train
  • navigate social interactions
  • brain stem
  • amygdala
  • emotional memories,
  • social emotions that we can feel, like embarrassment, guilt, compassion that are critical to guiding our social behavior,
  • ension between cost-benefit calculations and instinctive emotion
  • ancient principle: respect for the life of another human being
    • Rudy Garns
      Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07
       
      It would be interesting to see whether other primates use the ventromedial cortex for similar responses to dilemmas involving conspecifics.
  • increased willingness to kill or harm another person if doing so would save others' lives
    • Rudy Garns
      Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07
       
      I wonder what would happen if you adjust the identity of the sacrificable person. What happens if person is a stranger versus a family member? They do run the "smother your baby" dilemma. Does it make a difference if it is a stranger? What about alternative to the other five victims? What information is the VMPFC working with?
Rudy Garns

Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (Gloating) - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/science

oxytocin cogsci emotion neuroethics

shared by Rudy Garns on 01 Sep 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 01 Sep 09
     
    Envy and schadenfreude (gloating over the other's misfortune) are social emotions widely agreed to be a symptom of the human social tendency to compare one's payoffs with those of others. Given the important social components of envy and gloating, we speculated that oxytocin may have a modulating effect on the intensity of these emotions.
Rudy Garns

Human facial expressions aren't universal - 0 views

www.newscientist.com/...pressions-arent-universal.html

facial-expressions universal innate emotion cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 18 Aug 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 18 Aug 09
     
    Facial expressions, Charles Darwin argued in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, are a universal window into emotion. But new research challenges that notion, showing that east Asian people struggle to recognise facial expressions that western Caucasians attribute to fear and disgust. By focusing on eyes and brows, Asians miss subtle cues conveyed via the mouth. (13 August 2009 - New Scientist)
Rudy Garns

Slide show: How your brain works - 0 views

www.mayoclinic.com/...-4475-BFE663DE6EAF63F1&slide=1

brains neuroscience cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 27 Jan 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 27 Jan 09
     
    Your brain contains billions of nerve cells arranged in patterns that coordinate thought, emotion, behavior, movement and sensation. A complicated highway system of nerves connects your brain to the rest of your body, so communication can occur in split seconds. Think about how fast you pull your hand back from a hot stove. While all the parts of your brain work together, each part is responsible for a specific function - controlling everything from your heart rate to your mood.
Rudy Garns

The depths of disgust - 0 views

dericbownds.net/...disgust_jones.pdf

disgust morality neuroethics cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 04 Feb 09 - No Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 04 Feb 09
     
    Is there wisdom to be found in repugnance? Or is disgust 'the nastiest of all emotions', offering nothing but support to prejudice? Dan Jones looks at the repellant side of human nature.
Rudy Garns

Is there wisdom in disgust? - moral psychology - 0 views

mindblog.dericbownds.net/...e-wisdom-in-disgust-moral.html

disgust morality neuroethics cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 04 Feb 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 04 Feb 09
     
    Dan Jones writes an interesting essay in a recent issue of Science (PDF here) on how work in evolutionary theory, moral philosophy, and neuroscience casts doubt on the idea that disgust embodies a deep-seated wisdom. Instead it provides an emerging portrait of an evolutionarily constrained emotion that is a poor guide to ethical action. (Deric Bownds' MindBlog)
Rudy Garns

The Disgust Scale Home Page - 0 views

people.virginia.edu/...disgustscale.html

disgust morality neuroethics cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 04 Feb 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 04 Feb 09
     
    The Disgust Scale is a self-report personality scale that was developed by Jonathan Haidt, Clark McCauley, and Paul Rozin as a general tool for the study of disgust. It is used to measure individual differences in sensitivity to disgust, and to examine the relationships among different kinds of disgust. This page contains information on the emotion of disgust and on the Disgust Scale. Please feel free to print any of the papers on this page, and to use the Disgust Scale for research, education, or other non-commercial purposes. If you obtain any interesting findings with the Disgust Scale, we would appreciate hearing about them, and we would be happy to post a link to you or your work on this page.
Rudy Garns

An underlying cause for psychopathic behavior? - 2 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...100427091723.htm

psychopathy neuroethics neuroscience empathy

shared by Rudy Garns on 21 Oct 10 - Cached
  • impairment in the emotional aspects of these abilities may account for psychopathic behaviour.
  • ToM is made up of different aspects: a cognitive part, which requires inferences about knowledge and beliefs, and another part which requires the understanding of emotions.
  • striking similarities between the mental impairments observed in psychopaths and those seen in patients with frontal lobe damage.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The pattern of impairments in the psychopathic participants showed a remarkable resemblance to those in the participants with frontal lobe damage, suggesting that an underlying cause of the behavioural disturbances observed in psychopathy may be dysfunction in the frontal lobes.
  • Rudy Garns on 21 Oct 10
     
    Psychopaths are known to be characterized by callousness, diminished capacity for remorse, and lack of empathy. However, the exact cause of these personality traits is an area of scientific debate. The results of a new study, reported in the May 2010 issue of Elsevier's Cortex, show striking similarities between the mental impairments observed in psychopaths and those seen in patients with frontal lobe damage.
Rudy Garns

TRUST, EMOTION, ETHICS, & MORALITY IN NEGOTIATION & DECISION MAKING - 0 views

ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/...api%20307%20syllabus_final.pdf

syllabus decision-making cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 27 Jan 09 - No Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 27 Jan 09
     
    Harvard course syllabus
Rudy Garns

Mood Is Chemistry. No Really, It Is. - 0 views

neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/...chemistry-no-really-it-is.html

brains emotions serotonin

shared by Rudy Garns on 12 Nov 08 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 12 Nov 08
     
    If we knew what made some people vulnerable to the effects of tryptophan depletion, we would be a long way towards understanding depression. We still don't. But it's something to do with serotonin. In some people, in some circumstances, serotonin is the only thing between happiness and despair. No, really. (Neuroskeptic)
Rudy Garns

The green-eyed monster that lives in your brain: Scientists discover the jealousy lobe - 0 views

www.dailymail.co.uk/...ts-discover-jealousy-lobe.html

emotion brains cogsci jealousy

shared by Rudy Garns on 18 Feb 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 18 Feb 09
     
    Now the area of the brain which controls jealousy has been found, scientists have ­announced. (Mail Online)
Rudy Garns

Scientist Finds the Beginnings of Morality in Primate Behavior - New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...20moral.html

ethics evolution morality primates

shared by Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07 - Cached
  • Marc Hauser, an evolutionary biologist at Harvard, proposed in his book “Moral Minds” that the brain has a genetically shaped mechanism for acquiring moral rules, a universal moral grammar similar to the neural machinery for learning language.
  • Frans de Waal defends against philosopher critics his view that the roots of morality can be seen in the social behavior of monkeys and apes.
  • human morality would be impossible without certain emotional building blocks that are clearly at work in chimp and monkey societies
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • other chimpanzees would console the loser.
  • Social living requires empathy
  • reconciliation
  • human morality may be severely limited by having evolved as a way of banding together against adversaries, with moral restraints being observed only toward the in group, not toward outsiders.
  • eciprocity and fairness
  • Chimps are more likely to share food with those who have groomed them.
  • These four kinds of behavior — empathy, the ability to learn and follow social rules, reciprocity and peacemaking — are the basis of sociality.
  • People enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. They also apply a degree of judgment and reason, for which there are no parallels in animals.
  • Capuchin monkeys show their displeasure if given a smaller reward than a partner receives for performing the same task
  • reason is generally brought to bear only after a moral decision has been reached
  • Morality, he writes, is “a sense of right and wrong that is born out of groupwide systems of conflict management based on shared values.” The building blocks of morality are not nice or good behaviors but rather mental and social capacities for constructing societies “in which shared values constrain individual behavior through a system of approval and disapproval.”
  • Some animals are surprisingly sensitive to the plight of others.
Rudy Garns

Anterior cingulate cortex regulation of sympathetic activity -- Luu and Posner 126 (10)... - 0 views

brain.oxfordjournals.org/...2119

anterior.cingulate brain neuroscience

shared by Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07 - Cached
  • lesions to the ACC do not produce massive or consistent cognitive deficits.
  • patients with ACC lesions do demonstrate performance deficits on the Stroop task and other tasks that have been shown to activate the ACC
    • Rudy Garns
      Rudy Garns on 22 Mar 07
       
      Greene refers to the Stroop Effect and the ACC; ACC is thought to monitor conflict between prepotent social-emotional moral responses and cognitive-utilitariann responses.
  • apathetic and unconcerned when significant events occur, such as making mistakes
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • divide the ACC into subregions that are separately responsible for affective and cognitive processes
  • adaptive
  • the mechanisms by which mental processes are integrated with bodily systems.
  • these processes produce autonomic reactions that signal the requirement for adaptive control of behaviour.
  • regulation of autonomic processes
  • the ACC is involved in detecting when strategic control is required and that the lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in strategic control
  • the anterior cingulate is very metabolically active at rest
  • changes in heart rate in both cognitive and motor tasks related to the strength of activation in the ACC.
Rudy Garns

Antonio Damasio: This Time With Feeling - 0 views

fora.tv/...Damasio_This_Time_With_Feeling

mind emotion Damasio grue cogsci

shared by Rudy Garns on 17 Aug 09 - Cached
  • Rudy Garns on 17 Aug 09
     
    FORA.tv
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