To help teachers develop TPACK, Learning by Design (LBD) is one promising instructional model for creating such a learning environment, addressing the situated nature and complex interplay of technology, pedagogy and content.
"One criticism of skill-focused technology training, a common practice in teacher preparation, is that these
experiences develop teachers' technological knowledge and skills, but fail to challenge their underlying beliefs
about teaching and learning, which are more fundamental barriers to technology integration (Ertmer 1999). This
criticism stems from the argument that technology knowledge and skills alone are insufficient for teachers to utilize
technology and initiate educational change."