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What an inventor “finds” is always an expression of him- or herself.

Some scientists even embrace a kind of “free jazz” method, he said, improvising as they go along: “I’ve heard of people getting good results after accidentally dropping their experimental preparations on the floor, picking them up, and working on them nonetheless,” he added.

an incredible 50 percent of patents resulted from what could be described as a serendipitous process.

capable of seeing “patterns that others don’t see.”

That’s why we need to develop a new, interdisciplinary field — call it serendipity studies — that can help us create a taxonomy of discoveries

A number of pioneering scholars have already begun this work, but they seem to be doing so in their own silos and without much cross-talk.

Our schedule is a function of what we’re trying to create

It’s sloppy, but hell, life is sloppy

They started with ninth grade

Changing is hard and when people get tired they will want to return to the status quo.

many schools start a school transformation project with energy and vigor, but when leaders run into outside pressures from the district or can’t pick their way through the complex system they run out of momentum.

That’s why it’s important not to toss away good teaching practices just because they’ve been around for years.

He doesn’t want it to become orderly because that’s not the natural state of human systems.

Individual success stories of students are what help keep him going.

High-achieving students take charge of their own learning and ask for help when they’re stuck,

sought out extra study aids

asked instructors for help during office hours

self-regulated learning: the capacity to track how well you’re doing in your classes and hold yourself accountable for reaching goals.

Top students spend more time in retrieval practice, he says—quizzing themselves or each other, which forces them to recall facts and concepts just as they must do on tests. This leads to deeper learning, often in a shorter amount of time, a pattern researchers call the testing effect.

Students who formed study groups and quizzed each other weekly on material presented in class

Studying in general tends to be more productive when it’s done in short segments of 45 minutes or so rather than over several hours,

doing practice problems repeatedly until he no longer needed his notes to solve them—a highly effective strategy.