Bedouins traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The bisha'a, or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Honor codes of the Bedouin, Bedouin systems of justice

The digits 1 to 9 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system evolved from the Brahmi numerals. Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BC use the symbols which became 1, 4 and 6. One century later, their use of the symbols which became 2, 7 and 9 was recorded.

According to Islamic tradition, the history of Mecca goes back to Abraham who built the Kaaba with the help of his eldest son Ishmael in around 2000 BCE when the inhabitants of what was then known as Bakkah had fallen away from the original monotheism of Abraham through the influence of the Amelkites.[

in the Middle East, due to the more centralized Islamic power.[citation needed] Generally speaking, the Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland, Iceland and Greenland ; the Danes to England and France, settling in the Danelaw (northern/eastern England) and Normandy ; and the Swedes to the east. These nations, although distinct, were similar in culture and languag

Visigoths

Salian Franks