Worldchanging: Bright Green: Lewis Hyde and The Enclosure of Silence - 0 views
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We enclose silence - unknown possibility - at our own risk. Jonathan Zittrain demonstrates in his recent work on generativity that the value of systems often comes from unknown uses - the Apple II became succesful when Visicalc, the first spreadsheet, was written for the platform. If you want generative uses for a technology, Zittrain warns that you need to be careful what you lock down. Lewis also cites a case in which cell biologists patented a particular series of amino acids. They had no idea their purpose, but “purifying and describing gives you a right to own.” A later set of researchers speculated that these aminos bloc the growth of cancer cells - on publishing their research, the first researchers sued them for many millions of dollars. This can very effectively prevent exloratory science, he argues. “When we enclose wilderness, we begin to give property rights in areas where we have yet to understand what’s happening.” An enclosure of silence affects the human self and the world we inhabit. How do you become a creative actor in this world? How do you beat the bounds of this commons?
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Many Americans know about the commons from Garrett Hardin's essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons". Hardin wasn't a historian, but a population biologist, who was concerned with problems of population growth. Lewis argues that Hardin's prediction - that individual economic maximization will destroy collective resources - is based on a fantasy of a commons. In reality, commons had serious limitations on rights. You could only cut wood between Christmas and February, for instance. And commons were local entites - locals could exclude those from outside the region. These customary use rights meant that commons weren't tragic - in fact, they lasted for millenia in Europe. (I interjected here to ask why Hardin's idea has had such currency. Lewis offers two speculative reasons why - it's a great phrase, and it came out at a moment where the Cold War was in full swing, and Hardin's idea was a strong defense of private capital against communism.) Lewis suggests a different way to look at the commons, quoting Carol Rose, who talks about "the comedic commons", one with a happy ending. As such, the commons was a site of action, a space for citizens to act on their own rights.
