This study focuses on the stages of literacy development in Kindergarten up to 8th graders. The author states how children's minds do not learn by taking mental pictures or by memorizing but by constructing mental images over time. It also includes resources to engage students in word study at various levels.

This article presents the main ideas for planning effective and engaging lessons. It is based on backwards design so that the lessons are based on outcomes rather than just the activities. This article is also based on the DAP model that allows for the fact that students develop at their own pace. There is also a review of helpful lesson planning skills in assessment, direct instruction, differentiating instruction and developing objectives.

This article follows a cohort of teacher candidates through their 4 years of undergraduate studies to help them develop their own personal beliefs about teaching which in turn helps the teachers to develop their practical theories on teaching. The article concludes that teachers must be reflective in their teaching in order to improve their instruction. They must be able to recognize what works and what does not and how to go about increasing their strategies to help students.