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danielle spencer

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NASP Position Statement on Grade Retention - 1 views

  • Despite a century of research that fails to support the efficacy of grade retention, the use of grade retention has increased over the past 25 years.  It is estimated that as many as 15% of American students are held back each year, and 30% - 50% of students in the US are retained at least once before ninth grade.  Furthermore, the highest retention rates are found among poor, minority, inner-city youth. Research indicates that neither grade retention nor social promotion is an effective strategy for improving educational success.  Evidence from research and practice highlights the importance of seeking alternatives that will promote social and cognitive competence of children and enhance educational outcomes
  • Some groups of children are more likely to be retained than others. Those at highest risk for retention are male; African American or Hispanic; have a late birthday, delayed development and/or attention problems; live in poverty or in a single-parent household; have parents with low educational attainment;  have parents that are less involved in their education; or have changed schools frequently.  Students who have behavior problems and display aggression or immaturity are more likely to be retained. Students with reading problems, including English Language Learners, are also more likely to be retained. 
  • While delayed entry and readiness classes may not hurt children in the short run, there is no evidence of a positive effect on either long-term school achievement or adjustment.  Furthermore, by adolescence, these early retention practices are predictive of numerous health and emotional risk factors, and associated deleterious outcomes. . Initial achievement gains may occur during the year the student is retained. However, the consistent trend across many research studies is that achievement gains decline within 2-3 years of retention, such that retained children either do no better or perform more poorly than similar groups of promoted children. This is true whether children are compared to same-grade peers or comparable students who were promoted. . The most notable academic deficit for retained students is in reading. . Children with the greatest number of academic, emotional, and behavioral problems are most likely to experience negative consequences of retention.  Subsequent academic and behavioral problems may result in the child being retained again.
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  • encourage  parents' involvement in their children's schools and education through frequent contact with teachers, supervision of homework, etc. . adopt age-appropriate and culturally sensitive instructional strategies that accelerate progress in all classrooms . emphasize the importance of early developmental programs and preschool programs to enhance language and social skills . incorporate systematic assessment strategies, including continuous progress monitoring and formative evaluation, to enable ongoing modification of instructional efforts . provide effective early reading programs . implement effective school-based mental health programs . use student support teams to assess and identify specific learning or behavior problems, design interventions to address those problems, and evaluate the efficacy of those interventions . use effective behavior management and cognitive behavior modification strategies to reduce classroom behavior problems . provide appropriate education services for children with educational disabilities, including collaboration between regular, remedial, and special education professionals . offer extended year, extended day , and summer school programs that focus on facilitating the development of academic skills . implement tutoring and mentoring programs with peer, cross-age, or adult tutors . incorporate comprehensive school-wide programs to promote the psychosocial and academic skills of all students . establish full-service schools to provide a community-based vehicle for the organization and delivery of educational, social and health services to meet the diverse needs of at-risk students. For children experiencing academic, emotional, or behavioral difficulties, neither grade retention nor social promotion is an effective remedy.  If educational professionals are committed to helping all children achieve academic success and reach their full potential, we must discard ineffective practices, such as grade retention and social promotion, in favor of "promotion plus" specific interventions designed to address the factors that place students at risk for school failure.  NASP encourages school psychologists to actively collaborate with other professionals and parents in their school districts to address the findings of educational research, and develop and implement effective alternatives to retention and social promotion.  Incorporating evidence-based interventions and instructional strategies into school policies and practices will enhance academic and social outcomes for all students
  • Neither repeating a grade nor merely moving on to the next grade provides students with the supports they need to improve academic and social skills.  Holding schools accountable for student progress requires effective intervention strategies that provide educational opportunities and assistance to promote the social and cognitive development of students. Recognizing the cumulative developmental effects on student success at school, both early interventions and follow-up strategies are emphasized.  Furthermore, in acknowledging the reciprocal influence of social and cognitive skills on academic success, effective interventions must be implemented to promote both social and cognitive competence of students.  NASP encourages school districts to consider a wide array of well-researched, evidence-based, effective, and responsible strategies in lieu of retention or social promotion (see Algozzine, Ysseldyke, and Elliott, 2002 for a discussion of research-based tactics for effective instruction; see Shinn, Walker, and Stoner, 2002 for a more extensive discussion of interventions for academic and behavior problems).
  • Retention does not appear to have a positive impact on self-esteem or overall school adjustment; however, retention is associated with significant increases in behavior problems as measured by behavior rating scales completed by teachers and parents, with problems becoming more pronounced as the child reaches adolescence. . Research examining the overall effects of 19 empirical studies conducted during the 1990s compared outcomes for students who were retained and matched comparison students who were promoted. Results indicate that grade retention had a negative impact on all areas of achievement (reading, math and language) and socio-emotional adjustment (peer relationships, self esteem, problem behaviors, and attendance).
  • Position Statement on Student Grade Retention and Social Promotion The increasing emphasis on educational standards and accountability has rekindled public and professional debate regarding the use of grade retention as an intervention to remedy academic deficits.  While some politicians, professionals, and organizations have called for an end to "social promotion," many states and districts have established promotion standards. 
  • The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) promotes the use of interventions that are evidence-based and effective and discourages the use of practices which, though popular or widely accepted, are either not beneficial or are harmful to the welfare and educational attainment of America's children and youth. Given the frequent use of the ineffective practice of grade retention, NASP urges schools and parents to seek alternatives to retention that more effectively address the specific instructional needs of academic underachievers.
danielle spencer

Big Ideas from TED 2011: Letting Students Drive Their Education - TheApple.com - 1 views

  • , he started making short video versions of his tutorials. And then a funny thing happened. His cousins reported that they liked learning from his videos better than from him.
  • Having a video made it so they could repeat and replay anything that they didn’t understand as many times as necessary. They could refer back to weeks-old lessons without having to feel embarrassed about it. They could learn without another person standing over their shoulder asking, “do you understand yet?”
  • To date, Khan has posted more than 2,200 talks on everything from basic math to history. Between 100,000 and 200,000 lectures are watched every day.
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  • it is about fundamentally changing how education happens.
  • big idea is that all education should be self-driven.
  • Rather than penalizing failure and rewarding test-taking ability (like our current paradigm), education should encourage failure and experimentation but demand mastery.
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