Preemption
The server kernel has kernel preemption turned off (CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE=y), while the desktop kernel has it enabled (CONFIG_PREEMPT_BKL=y, CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=y). Preemption works along with scheduling to fine-tune performance, efficiency and responsiveness. In non-preemptive kernels, kernel code runs until completion; the scheduler can't touch it until it's finished. But the Linux kernel allows tasks to be interrupted at nearly any point (but not when it is unsafe, which is a whole huge fascinating topic all by itself), so that tasks of lesser-priority can jump to the head of the line.
This is appropriate for desktop systems because users typically have several things going at once: writing documents, playing music, Web surfing, downloading and so on. Users don't care how responsive background applications are; they care only about the ones they're actively using. So if loading a Web page takes a little longer while the user is writing an e-mail, it's an acceptable trade-off. Overall efficiency and performance are actually reduced but not in a way that annoys the user.
On servers you want to minimize any and all performance hits, so turning off preemption is usually the best practice.
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