This limited use may have multiple causes: Teachers may be overwhelmed by demands of testing; they may not see the value of instructional technologies in their particular content area; they may work in environments where principals do not understand or encourage technology use; and the types of software most helpful in instruction are not always the types of applications students know how—or want—to use.

job-related, focused on the core competencies of the classroom, not technology just enough, emphasizing increased comfort, not proficiency, with computers and management of limited technology resources just in time, meaning teacher are provided with skills as and when needed just in case teachers need to plan for contingencies accompanied by a "just try it" attitude, wherein instructors apply both pressure and support to compel teachers to use what they've learned.