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The lower bound of generation is NOT zero, as implied by the graph, but is actually negative when the windmill is not generating. The core is excited from the HV side, just like in a distribution system. When there is no generation, the transformer actually pulls power from the grid. For renewables, you should be using transformers with amorphous metal cores which cut no load losses by 70 percent.

Environmental concerns remain a driving force for European energy policy, as exemplified by last years’ directive on energy efficiency. The directive sets the legislative framework to achieve energy efficiency targets. Since electricity network losses comprise a significant component of electricity demand, regulatory incentives to facilitate loss reduction in electricity networks should be in place. This paper evaluates the incentives for investments in low-loss equipment in differing regulatory settings and outlines pathways to assure the proper embedding of these incentives.

Within the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive the Primary Energy Factor (PEF) is used when calculating the energy performance. The PEF accounts for the energy losses of electricity generation and transport when comparing electricity use with other types of energy use in the building. But a recent Ecofys study warns that PEFs are not an unambiguous scientific value. Edith Molenbroek, researcher at Ecofys said: “Calculation methods are not transparent, harmonised and consistent and are not always adjusted to higher shares of large-scale renewable electricity.”