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Trapper Callender

Man-Computer Symbiosis - 2 views

  • In short, it seems worthwhile to avoid argument with (other) enthusiasts for artificial intelligence by conceding dominance in the distant future of cerebration to machines alone.
  • There will nevertheless be a fairly long interim during which the main intellectual advances will be made by men and computers working together in intimate association. A multidisciplinary study group, examining future research and development problems of the Air Force, estimated that it would be 1980 before developments in artificial intelligence make it possible for machines alone to do much thinking or problem solving of military significance. That would leave, say, five years to develop man-computer symbiosis and 15 years to use it. The 15 may be 10 or 500, but those years should be intellectually the most creative and exciting in the history of mankind.
  • It is often said that programming for a computing machine forces one to think clearly, that it disciplines the thought process. If the user can think his problem through in advance, symbiotic association with a computing machine is not necessary.
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  • They would be easier to solve, and they could be solved faster, through an intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution.
  • Poincare anticipated the frustration of an important group of would-be computer users when he said, "The question is not, 'What is the answer?' The question is, 'What is the question?'" One of the main aims of man-computer symbiosis is to bring the computing machine effectively into the formulative parts of technical problems.
  • It is to bring computing machines effectively into processes of thinking that must go on in "real time," time that moves too fast to permit using computers in conventional ways.
  • To think in interaction with a computer in the same way that you think with a colleague whose competence supplements your own will require much tighter coupling between man and machine than is suggested by the example and than is possible today.
  • Throughout the period I examined, in short, my "thinking" time was devoted mainly to activities that were essentially clerical or mechanical: searching, calculating, plotting, transforming, determining the logical or dynamic consequences of a set of assumptions or hypotheses, preparing the way for a decision or an insight. Moreover, my choices of what to attempt and what not to attempt were determined to an embarrassingly great extent by considerations of clerical feasibility, not intellectual capability.
  • the operations that fill most of the time allegedly devoted to technical thinking are operations that can be performed more effectively by machines than by men.
  • If those problems can be solved in such a way as to create a symbiotic relation between a man and a fast information-retrieval and data-processing machine, however, it seems evident that the cooperative interaction would greatly improve the thinking process.
  • Computing machines can do readily, well, and rapidly many things that are difficult or impossible for man, and men can do readily and well, though not rapidly, many things that are difficult or impossible for computers. That suggests that a symbiotic cooperation, if successful in integrating the positive characteristics of men and computers, would be of great value. The differences in speed and in language, of course, pose difficulties that must be overcome.
  • Men will fill in the gaps, either in the problem solution or in the computer program, when the computer has no mode or routine that is applicable in a particular circumstance.
  • Clearly, for the sake of efficiency and economy, the computer must divide its time among many users. Timesharing systems are currently under active development. There are even arrangements to keep users from "clobbering" anything but their own personal programs.
  • It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence, a "thinking center" that will incorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and the symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper. The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communication lines and to individual users by leased-wire services. In such a system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
  • The first thing to face is that we shall not store all the technical and scientific papers in computer memory. We may store the parts that can be summarized most succinctly-the quantitative parts and the reference citations-but not the whole. Books are among the most beautifully engineered, and human-engineered, components in existence, and they will continue to be functionally important within the context of man-computer symbiosis. (Hopefully, the computer will expedite the finding, delivering, and returning of books.)
  • The second point is that a very important section of memory will be permanent: part indelible memory and part published memory. The computer will be able to write once into indelible memory, and then read back indefinitely, but the computer will not be able to erase indelible memory. (It may also over-write, turning all the 0's into l's, as though marking over what was written earlier.) Published memory will be "read-only" memory. It will be introduced into the computer already structured. The computer will be able to refer to it repeatedly, but not to change it.
  • The basic dissimilarity between human languages and computer languages may be the most serious obstacle to true symbiosis.
  • In short: instructions directed to computers specify courses; instructions-directed to human beings specify goals.
  • We may in due course see a serious effort to develop computer programs that can be connected together like the words and phrases of speech to do whatever computation or control is required at the moment. The consideration that holds back such an effort, apparently, is that the effort would produce nothing that would be of great value in the context of existing computers. It would be unrewarding to develop the language before there are any computing machines capable of responding meaningfully to it.
  • By and large, in generally available computers, however, there is almost no provision for any more effective, immediate man-machine communication than can be achieved with an electric typewriter.
  • Displays seem to be in a somewhat better state than controls. Many computers plot graphs on oscilloscope screens, and a few take advantage of the remarkable capabilities, graphical and symbolic, of the charactron display tube. Nowhere, to my knowledge, however, is there anything approaching the flexibility and convenience of the pencil and doodle pad or the chalk and blackboard used by men in technical discussion.
  • 2) Computer-Posted Wall Display: In some technological systems, several men share responsibility for controlling vehicles whose behaviors interact. Some information must be presented simultaneously to all the men, preferably on a common grid, to coordinate their actions. Other information is of relevance only to one or two operators. There would be only a confusion of uninterpretable clutter if all the information were presented on one display to all of them. The information must be posted by a computer, since manual plotting is too slow to keep it up to date.
  • Laboratory experiments have indicated repeatedly that informal, parallel arrangements of operators, coordinating their activities through reference to a large situation display, have important advantages over the arrangement, more widely used, that locates the operators at individual consoles and attempts to correlate their actions through the agency of a computer. This is one of several operator-team problems in need of careful study.
  • 3) Automatic Speech Production and Recognition: How desirable and how feasible is speech communication between human operators and computing machines?
  • Yet there is continuing interest in the idea of talking with computing machines.
  • In large part, the interest stems from realization that one can hardly take a military commander or a corporation president away from his work to teach him to type. If computing machines are ever to be used directly by top-level decision makers, it may be worthwhile to provide communication via the most natural means, even at considerable cost.
  • It seems reasonable, therefore, for computer specialists to be the ones who interact directly with computers in business offices.
  • Certainly, if the equipment were already developed, reliable, and available, it would be used.
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    Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.
timmhaubrich532

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Kevin Champion

Maintained Relationships on Facebook | overstated - 0 views

  • What it shows is that, as a function of the people a Facebook user actively communicate with, you are passively engaging with between 2 and 2.5 times more people in their network. I’m sure many people have had this feeling, but these data make this effect more transparent.
  • The stark contrast between reciprocal and passive networks shows the effect of technologies such as News Feed. If these people were required to talk on the phone to each other, we might see something like the reciprocal network, where everyone is connected to a small number of individuals. Moving to an environment where everyone is passively engaged with each other, some event, such as a new baby or engagement can propagate very quickly through this highly connected network.
  • All Friends: the largest representation of a person’s network is the set of all people they have verified as friends. Reciprocal Communication: as a measure of a sort of core network, we counted the number of people with whom a person had had reciprocal communications, or an active exchange of information between two parties. One-way Communication: the total set of people with whom a person has communicated. Maintained Relationships: to measure engagement, we took the set of people for whom a user had clicked on a News Feed story or visited their profile more than twice.
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  • Peter Marsden found the number of people with whom individuals “can discuss important matters” numbers only 3 for Americans[3]. In a subsequent survey, researchers found that this number has dropped slightly over the past 10 years[4], causing some alarm in the press, but without sufficient explanation[5].
  • Killworth, et al. found using this technique and others that the number of people a person will know in their lifetime ranges somewhere between 300 and 3000[1]. On Facebook, the average number of friends that a person has is currently 120[2]. Given that Facebook has only been around for 5 years, that not everyone uses it, and that the not every acquaintance has found each other, this number seems reasonable for an average user.
  • We were asked a simple question: is Facebook increasing the size of people’s personal networks?
Jessica Ice

Nameless in Cyberspace: Anonymity on the Internet by Jonathan D. Wallace - 0 views

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    Proposals to limit anonymous communications on the Internet would violate free speech rights long recognized by the Supreme Court. Anonymous and pseudonymous speech played a vital role in the founding of this country. Thomas Paine's Common Sensewas first released signed, "An Englishman." Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Samuel Adams, and others carried out the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists using pseudonyms. Today, human rights workers in China and many other countries have reforged the link between anonymity and free speech. Given the importance of anonymity as a component of free speech, the cost of banning anonymous Internet speech would be enormous. It makes no sense to treat Internet speech differently from printed leaflets or books.
Mike Wesch

Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed - 0 views

  • When a word is deprived of its dimension of action, reflection automatically suffers as well; and the word is changed into idle chatter, into verbalism, into an alienated and alienating “blah.”
  • since dialogue is the encounter in which the united reflection and action of the dialoguers are addressed to the world which is to be transformed and humanized, this dialogue cannot be reduced to the act of one person’s “depositing” ideas in another; nor can it become a simple exchange of ideas to be “consumed” by the discussants.
  • Dialogue cannot exist, however, in the absence of a profound love for the world and for people.
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  • Because love is an act of courage, not of fear, love is commitment to others.
  • If I do not love the world — if I do not love life — if I do not love people — I cannot enter into dialogue.
  • dialogue cannot exist without humility.
  • Dialogue further requires an intense faith in humankind, faith in their power to make and remake, to create and re-create, faith in their vocation to be more fully human
  • the “dialogical man” believes in others even before he meets them face to face.
  • Founding itself upon love, humility, and faith, dialogue becomes a horizontal relationship of which mutual trust between the dialoguers is the logical consequence.
  • naming of the world
  • Whereas faith in humankind is an a priori requirement for dialogue, trust is established by dialogue.
  • Nor yet can dialogue exist without hope. Hope is rooted in men’s incompletion, from which they move out in constant search
  • critical thinking — thinking which discerns an indivisible solidarity between the world and the people and admits of no dichotomy between them — thinking which perceives reality as process, as transformation, rather than as a static entity — thinking which does not separate itself from action, but constantly immerses itself in temporality without fear of the risks involved.
  • We must never merely discourse on the present situation, must never provide the people with programs which have little or nothing to do with their own preoccupations, doubts, hopes, and fears — programs which at times in fact increase the fears of the oppressed consciousness. It is not our role to speak to the people about our own view of the world, nor to attempt to impose that view on them, but rather to dialogue with the people about their view and ours. We must realize that their view of the world, manifested variously in their action, reflects their situation in the world. Educational and political action which is not critically aware of this situation runs the risk either of “banking” or of preaching in the desert.
  • Often, educators and politicians speak and are not understood because their language is not attuned to the concrete situation of the people they address. Accordingly their talk is just alienated and alienating rhetoric.
  • he dialogue of education as the practice of freedom
  • oncept of a generative theme
  • For precisely this reason, the methodology proposed requires that the investigators and the people (who would normally be considered objects of that investigation) should act as co-investigators.
  • Generative themes can be located in concentric circles, moving from the general to the particular.
  • I consider the fundamental theme of our epoch to be that of domination — which implies its opposite, the theme of liberation, as the objective to be achieved.
  • For example, underdevelopment, which cannot be understood apart from the relationship of dependency, represents a limit-situation characteristic of societies of the Third World.
  • I must re-emphasize that the generative theme cannot be found in people, divorced from reality; nor yet in reality, divorced from people; much less in “no man’s land.” It can only be apprehended in the human-world relationship.
  • t is as transforming and creative beings that humans, in their permanent relations with reality, produce not only material goods — tangible objects — but also social institutions, ideas, and concepts
  • Actually, themes exist in people in their relations with the world, with reference to concrete facts.
  • We must realize that the aspirations, the motives, and the objectives implicit in the meaningful thematics are human aspirations, motives, and objectives.
  • a common striving towards awareness of reality and towards self-awareness,
  • As a process of search, of knowledge, and thus of creation, it requires the investigators to discover the interpenetration of problems, in the linking of meaningful themes.
  • the comprehension of total reality
  • Thus, the process of searching for the meaningful thematics should include a concern for the links between themes, a concern to pose these themes as problems, and a concern for their historical-cultural context.
  • Just as the educator may not elaborate a program to present to the people, neither may the investigator elaborate “itineraries” for researching the thematic universe, starting from points which he has predetermined.
  • That is, they must consist of communication and of the common experience of a reality perceived in the complexity of its constant “becoming.”
  • Human beings are because they are in a situation. And they will be more the more they not only critically reflect upon their existence but critically act upon it.
  • One of these basic themes (and one which I consider central and indispensable) is the anthropological concept of culture. Whether men and women are peasants or urban workers, learning to read or enrolled in a post-literacy program, the starting point of their search to know more (in the instrumental meaning of the term) is the debate of the concept. As they discuss the world of culture, they express their level of awareness of reality in which various themes are implicit. Their discussion touches upon other aspects of reality which comes to be perceived in an increasingly critical manner These aspects in turn involve many other themes.
  • I am more and more convinced that true revolutionaries must perceive the revolution, because of its creative and liberating nature, as an act of love
  • This affirmation contains an entire dialogical theory of how to construct the program content of education, which cannot he elaborated according to what the educator thinks best for the students.
  •  
    For precisely this reason, the methodology proposed requires that the investigators and the people (who would normally be considered objects of that investigation) should act as co-investigators.
wjack3047

Impact of Social Media on SEO - 0 views

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    Impact of Social Media On SEO has been long debated. True that social media is not a direct cause for the rankings in the search result. However, as the digital world has seen a remarkable shift when social networks appearing in the search engines. The relationship between SEO and social media is blurred. So, I plunged into researching and presenting you the substance in between the lines, how social media impacts the SEO.
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cnc edm spark erosion machine - 1 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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auto cut software cnc edm - 1 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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edm hole drilling machine for sale - 1 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
  •  
    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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cnc edm die sinker - 1 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
  •  
    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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cnc edm wire cut machine - 1 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
  •  
    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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large edm machine - 1 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
  •  
    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
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znc edm machine price - 2 views

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    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
  •  
    Die Sinking EDM Machine, also known as CNC die-sinking EDM and CNC Spark Erosion Machine, is a kind EDM machine that utilizes high-frequency power between positive and negative anodes (electrode and workpiece), 3-axis or more axes controlled, to break through the gap between electrode and workpiece, to create high temperature to melt and remove metal to get needed profile cavity. It's like a projective copy of the profile of the electrode on the workpiece.
Brin Miller

Document View - 0 views

  • TextAnalyst processes textual data through what is termed "natural language text analysis." Using linguistic rules and "artificial neural network technology," the program mimics human cognitive analytical processes. It begins by processing each document as a sequence of symbols, generating a hierarchical semantic network structure based on the frequency of terms and the relationships between them. After analyzing the document, each term (or theme) within the network is assigned an individual statistical weight (range 0-100) relative to its importance within the entire text. Additionally, the relationships between terms are also assigned a statistical weight, in effect highlighting the strength of thematic associations. TextAnalyst then engages in the process of renormalization - adjusting the statistical weight of each term based on its relationship to others. The renormalized values are termed "semantic weights" and can be arranged into a semantic network. High semantic weights are indicative of a term or theme having considerable significance within the overall text. Inter-item weights, also presented in the figures to follow, suggest significant association between text themes.
    • Brin Miller
       
      Good for linguistic stuff
Brin Miller

Document View - 0 views

  • TextAnalyst processes textual data through what is termed "natural language text analysis." Using linguistic rules and "artificial neural network technology," the program mimics human cognitive analytical processes. It begins by processing each document as a sequence of symbols, generating a hierarchical semantic network structure based on the frequency of terms and the relationships between them. After analyzing the document, each term (or theme) within the network is assigned an individual statistical weight (range 0-100) relative to its importance within the entire text. Additionally, the relationships between terms are also assigned a statistical weight, in effect highlighting the strength of thematic associations. TextAnalyst then engages in the process of renormalization - adjusting the statistical weight of each term based on its relationship to others. The renormalized values are termed "semantic weights" and can be arranged into a semantic network. High semantic weights are indicative of a term or theme having considerable significance within the overall text. Inter-item weights, also presented in the figures to follow, suggest significant association between text themes.
danadavid

Cochin to Alleppey, Cochin to Alappuzha, Alleppey to Kumarakom - Kerala Everything - 0 views

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    Alleppey, being a major tourist destination, is visited by several domestic and foreign tourists. This page contains details of distances between Cochin to Alleppey, Cochin, to Alappuzha, Alleppey to Kumarakom etc.
arunaraayala

Traffic restrictions for Police Martyr Memorial Run 2016 - Locality News - 0 views

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    In consideration of the Police Martyr Memorial Run on Sunday, police has enforced the following traffic restrictions around Hussain Sagar between 0600 hours to 1000 hours
Jeffery Canlon

Same Day Loans- Avail Much Needed Funds From Reliable Lender In Easy Way! - 0 views

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    Same day loans are short term financial alternative that helps working class people to get the quick cash support up to AU $1000 bucks on the same day of applying. With the assistance of this loan you can fill the financial gap that pop up between two paydays.
LSG Industrial & Office Products Inc

Loctite Retaining Compound Availability in Philippines - 0 views

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    LOCTITE 601 Retaining Compound Designed for the bonding of cylindrical fitting parts, particularly where low viscosity is required. The product cures when confined in the absence of air between close fitting metal surfaces and prevents loosening and leakage from shock and vibration. Technical…
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