theoretical approach in psychology that emphasizes the study of behavior

the outwardly observable reactions to a stimulus of an organism, whether animal or human—rather than the content of the mind or the physiological correlates of behavior

is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts mental activities

define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior.

does not account for all kinds of learning, since it disregards the activities of the mind.

philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors.[1]

is considered radical since it expands behavioral principles to processes within the organism

emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential and sometimes the inner procedural aspects

subject to variant sortings

Loosely speaking, behaviorism is an attitude. Strictly speaking, behaviorism is a doctrine

claims that psychology should concern itself with the behavior of organisms

Methodological behaviorism is a normative theory about the scientific conduct of psychology

Whenever we present a state of affairs which is known to be reinforcing at a given drive, we must suppose that conditioning takes place

The bird happens to be executing some response as the hopper appears; as a result it tends to repeat this response.

effect appears to depend upon the rate of reinforcement

theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.

Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment

behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.

the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being

claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept.

belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic

1. Mental activity is unconscious if people are unaware of it. For example, you might tap your toe to music without realizing it. 2. Something is unconscious if it happens without effort. For example, in speaking, you retrieve most words in your everyday vocabulary quickly and smoothly, without conscious effort. 3. An unconscious action is one that is unintended. For example, you might accidentally call one person by another person's name. 4. An unconscious mental process is autonomous (runs by itself, without conscious attention). For example, you set your alarm to 7 a.m. and find yourself waking up at 6:59 a.m. 5. A behavior is unconscious if it resists conscious control, for example, a person might not be able to stop saying "um" or "you know" despite trying.

the fourth-being autonomous-seems to be the broadest

To the behaviourist about clocks, a clock is simply something with such time-indicating exterior parts

The inner workings of any clock are entirely irrelevant to its status as a clock, provided they produce (or at least don't interfere with) the movement of the hands. The anti-behaviourist, by contrast, thinks of a clock as an inner mechanism which, in favourable circumstances, can cause some exterior parts to move in a way which reliably indicates the time

classical behaviorism formally and explicitly defined psychology as the science of behavior

metaphysical behaviorism subscribes to the view that the only things that are real are things that are publicly observable

metaphysical behaviorism

developed primarily in the United States, although it was certainly influenced by other traditions, such as European forms of empiricism

methodological behaviorism and radical behaviorism

early 19th century

Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)

reasoning and problem solving

deductive, inductive or abductive