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Minjie Kim

Behaviorism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) - 0 views

plato.stanford.edu/...behaviorism

behaviorism psychology

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • Loosely speaking, behaviorism is an attitude. Strictly speaking, behaviorism is a doctrine
  • claims that psychology should concern itself with the behavior of organisms
  • Methodological behaviorism is a normative theory about the scientific conduct of psychology
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • purports to explain human and animal behavior in terms of external physical stimuli, responses, learning histories, and (for certain types of behavior) reinforcements
  • Psychological behaviorism is a research program within psychology.
  • Analytical or logical behaviorism is a theory within philosophy about the meaning or semantics of mental terms or concepts
  • says that the very idea of a mental state or condition is the idea of a behavioral disposition or family of behavioral tendencies.
  • Psychology is the science of behavior. Psychology is not the science of mind. Behavior can be described and explained without making reference to mental events or to internal psychological processes. The sources of behavior are external (in the environment), not internal (in the mind). In the course of theory development in psychology, if, somehow, mental terms or concepts are deployed in describing or explaining behavior, then either (a) these terms or concepts should be eliminated and replaced by behavioral terms or (b) they can and should be translated or paraphrased into behavioral concepts.
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism, John B. Watson, Social Control, Modern Psychology, Governments, and Denial... - 0 views

www.sntp.net/behaviorism.htm

behaviorism psychology Watson

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being
  • claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept.
  • belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08
       
      isn't he just saying here that the consciousness is something that doesn't exist, or else is something that's there, but not exactly present, we can't control it nor are we completely aware of it.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery - it wants to believe in magic
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08
       
      ... true, but how could a "savage"know of anything like this? of course he said "the great mass of people" which implies that he's... better than the average person.... isn't acknowledging your knowledge of psychology , and UNDERSTANDING of it basically being conceited? (does that mean I am?)
  • Almost every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism Tutorial - Part 1 - Section 2 - 0 views

psych.athabascau.ca/...sec2.shtml

behaviorism tutorial part 2 behaviorism psychology

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • classical behaviorism formally and explicitly defined psychology as the science of behavior
  • metaphysical behaviorism subscribes to the view that the only things that are real are things that are publicly observable
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08
       
      this basically means that only things you can see exist, so it really puts a damper on all that happiness and love and sorrow and all that junk
  • metaphysical behaviorism
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • if the existence of mental phenomena is denied because they are unobservable, is the existence of all unobservables, including unobservable experiences, denied?
  • The question that arose from metaphysical behaviorism was again whether we really want to deny the existence or reality of all phenomena that aren't publicly observable
  • philosophical behaviorism emphasizes that mental concepts in psychological explanations mean nothing more than dispositions to engage in publicly observable behavior
  • logical behaviorism emphasizes that mental concepts in psychological explanations must be verified in terms of publicly observable behavior
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/Behaviorism

behaviourism psychology wikipedia

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors.[1]
  • is considered radical since it expands behavioral principles to processes within the organism
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism - Behaviorism (1910-1930), Neobehaviorism (1930-1955), Bibliography - 0 views

science.jrank.org/...Behaviorism.html

behavior behaviorism psychology

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • theoretical approach in psychology that emphasizes the study of behavior
  • the outwardly observable reactions to a stimulus of an organism, whether animal or human—rather than the content of the mind or the physiological correlates of behavior
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08
       
      if this study disregards the mind, why is it part of psychology?
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism - 0 views

webspace.ship.edu/beh.html

bahaviorism psychology behaviorists

shared by Minjie Kim on 04 Dec 08 - Cached
  • philosophical position that says that psychology, to be a science, must focus its attentions on what is observable
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 04 Dec 08
       
      while most psychology is about what is not observable, this states that behaviorism deals with what is. ^.^
  • reflexology, and defined it as the objective study of stimulus-response connections
  • unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response -- a reflex
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • neutral stimulus with the reflex by presenting it with the unconditioned stimulus
  • conditioned response
  • spontaneous recovery strongly suggests that the habit has been there all alone
  • extinction
  • first signal system is where the conditioned stimulus (a bell) acts as a “signal” that an important event is to occur
  • cond signal system is when arbitrary symbols come to stand for stimuli, as they do in human language.
  • The law of exercise
  • The law of effect.
Ann Thomas

The Health Benefits of Owning a Cat: Pets Reduce Risk of Heart Attack, Stroke, and Othe... - 0 views

cats.suite101.com/...ealth_benefits_of_owning_a_cat

shared by Ann Thomas on 03 Dec 08 - Cached
  • Cat ownership helps children to learn responsibility and develop a greater capacity for empathy at an early age. In addition, pets provide unconditional love and acceptance, which can help children through difficult times.
  • Cats also offer protection against certain physical conditions. If adopted before or shortly after a child is born, owning a cat reduces the risk of developing animal allergies, asthma, and possibly other illnesses as well. One study found that children living with pets were 13-18% less likely to miss school due to illness than children without pets. Researchers who measured the salivary immunologobulin levels of young pet owners found that their immune function was less likely to be in the sub-normal range than that of non-pet-owners. Additionally, cats can provide particular therapeutic benefits for children with conditions such as autism, especially those who suffer from motor coordination problems.
  • and cat owners tend to have lower triglycerides, which reduces their risk of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Pet ownership has also been shown to boost the levels of mood-regulating neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. As such, pets can reduce feelings of loneliness, anxiety, depression, and other negative states.
  • Elderly people are particularly likely to benefit from the health-protective effects of cat ownership. Those with cats are less inclined to suffer heart attacks, their blood pressure is lower on average, they report less tension and stress, and they live longer overall.
  • A University of Minnesota study of 4,435 people found that those who did not own cats were 30-40% more likely to die of cardiovascular disease, even if they owned dogs.
  • Ann Thomas on 03 Dec 08
     
    Owning cat can provide psychological and physical health benefits, particularly for children, seniors, and those with medical conditions or disabilities. Cat ownership helps children to learn responsibility and develop a greater capacity for empathy at an early age. In addition, pets provide unconditional love and acceptance, which can help children through difficult times. Cats also offer protection against certain physical conditions. If adopted before or shortly after a child is born, owning a cat reduces the risk of developing animal allergies, asthma, and possibly other illnesses as well. One study found that children living with pets were 13-18% less likely to miss school due to illness than children without pets. Researchers who measured the salivary immunologobulin levels of young pet owners found that their immune function was less likely to be in the sub-normal range than that of non-pet-owners. Additionally, cats can provide particular therapeutic benefits for children with conditions such as autism, especially those who suffer from motor coordination problems. and cat owners tend to have lower triglycerides, which reduces their risk of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease. Pet ownership has also been shown to boost the levels of mood-regulating neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. As such, pets can reduce feelings of loneliness, anxiety, depression, and other negative states. Elderly people are particularly likely to benefit from the health-protective effects of cat ownership. Those with cats are less inclined to suffer heart attacks, their blood pressure is lower on average, they report less tension and stress, and they live longer overall. A University of Minnesota study of 4,435 people found that those who did not own cats were 30-40% more likely to die of cardiovascular disease, even if they owned dogs.
kathleen mcclung

IEEE Xplore - Login - 0 views

ieeexplore.ieee.org/...login.jsp

music different people

shared by kathleen mcclung on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • kathleen mcclung on 09 Dec 08
     
    talks about the benefits both psychological and physiological of listening to music
Minjie Kim

Unconscious Thought Processes | in Chapter 03: States of Consciousness | from Psycholog... - 0 views

www.intropsych.com/...nscious_thought_processes.html

Unconscious Thought Processes thought process psychology

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • 1. Mental activity is unconscious if people are unaware of it. For example, you might tap your toe to music without realizing it. 2. Something is unconscious if it happens without effort. For example, in speaking, you retrieve most words in your everyday vocabulary quickly and smoothly, without conscious effort. 3. An unconscious action is one that is unintended. For example, you might accidentally call one person by another person's name. 4. An unconscious mental process is autonomous (runs by itself, without conscious attention). For example, you set your alarm to 7 a.m. and find yourself waking up at 6:59 a.m. 5. A behavior is unconscious if it resists conscious control, for example, a person might not be able to stop saying "um" or "you know" despite trying.
  • the fourth-being autonomous-seems to be the broadest
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism Tutorial - Part 1 - Section 1 - 0 views

psych.athabascau.ca/...sec1.shtml

psychology behaviorism behaviorism tutorial

shared by Minjie Kim on 04 Dec 08 - Cached
  • developed primarily in the United States, although it was certainly influenced by other traditions, such as European forms of empiricism
  • methodological behaviorism and radical behaviorism
  • early 19th century
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Subjective/conscious experience was regarded as mental, not physical
  • not publicly observable, and could not be counted, measured, or recorded, at least not in the same way as the subject matter of chemistry or physics
  • tended to pursue their concerns about mental/conscious/subjective experience according to some form of rational inquiry found in philosophy, rather than according to some understanding of the scientific method.
  • regarded those movements as a subject matter of a different science--physiology, rather than psychology
  • scholars in the early 19th century were concerned with the mechanics of the physical movements of the body
anonymous

The dope on steroids: Why some athletes take the risk : UMNews : University of Minnesota - 0 views

www1.umn.edu/...me_athletes_take_the_risk.html

shared by anonymous on 03 Dec 08 - Cached
  • The stakes in Athens are fierce. The difference between an Olympic gold or silver medal could be a one hundredth of a second on the track or in the pool; an inch on the pole vault or shot put.
  • The athletes who make the Olympic cut are blessed with the right combination of physical and psychological traits, including an intense competitive drive and an unrelenting determination to be the best. This is the stuff of champions.
  • Steroids are not just for elite athletes--they can be used by anyone who wants to change his or her body image. The Centers for Disease Control's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance report shows more than a million youth taking steroids, and the numbers have been rising every year.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Unfortunately, sometimes so are steroids. For decades, athletes have used anabolic (meaning muscle-building) steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs to build strength and endurance. And those drugs are getting more and more sophisticated in an effort to evade detection. Doping, as the practice is called, is illegal and, by most people's standards, unethical. Athletes who have been caught using these drugs have been stripped of their Olympic medals and world records and banned from their sports, sometimes for years, and on occasions for a lifetime.
  • "There are rights and wrongs in life, and if it's against the rules, it's cheating to do it," says Wiese-Bjornstal. "I love sports, but some athletes treat elite sports as if they are life itself, more important than their health, their loved ones, and even their lives."
  • In addition, steroids mess with your body. Potential side effects include high blood pressure, strokes, nausea, sleep problems, increased aggressiveness, and severe mood swings. In men, steroids can reduce sperm count and cause impotence, breast growth, and shrunken testicles. In women, side effects can include reduced breast size, increased body and facial hair, a deepened voice, and menstrual problems.
  • With the risks and consequences of steroid use so high, why do some athletes continue to dope?
  • "The major underlying factor [with steroids use] is that winning at all costs is the most important thing," says Diane Wiese-Bjornstal, associate professor in the School of Kinesiology.
  • She says that athletes that use steroids often have the mindset that "they are demonstrating that they are as highly committed to their sport as they can be and are doing whatever it takes to prove to themselves, their coaches, and to the world that they are true athletes who will do anything to win."
    • anonymous
      anonymous on 03 Dec 08
       
      Diane Wiese-Bjornstal's Comment
  • From a moral and ethical framework, Wiese-Bjornstal believes this is twisted thinking. "There are rights and wrongs in life, and if it's against the rules, it's cheating to do it," she says. "I love sports, but some athletes treat elite sports as if they are life itself, more important than their health, their loved ones, and even their lives."
    • anonymous
      anonymous on 03 Dec 08
       
      Wiese-Bjornstal's Comment
  • She also says there is pressure to dope because of the belief that everyone else is doing it, and that if an athlete wants to compete at the highest level, she or he has to do it, too.
  • Nancy Cullen, a sports psychology consultant for the University, says the temptation to use steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs simply comes down to the rigors and pressure of elite competition and the desire to win. She cites an alarming poll taken in 1995 of 198 sprinters, swimmers, power lifters and others, most of whom were Olympians or aspiring Olympians. The poll asked if the athletes would take a banned performance-enhancing substance if they knew if would help them win and they wouldn't be caught--195 responded, yes.
  • Most athletes train for perfection," says Cullen. "The drive to achieve and win is so strong. If the difference between winning or losing is a hundredth of a second, and there is a drug that might give you the edge, the temptation can be great."
  • For some Olympic events, steroid scandals have cast a pall over the games, leaving viewers to wonder after each win, "Did he take drugs? Did she?"
  • Both Wiese-Bjornstal and Cullen agree that education, beginning with young athletes, is important in the fight against steroid use, as are drug testing and stiffer penalties for those who are caught. They also believe that coaches and parents play an important role in supporting the healthy ambitions of developing athletes.
  • "It's important to teach athletes to know what the consequences are and to learn other training practices that are legal and don't involve taking drugs," says Cullen. "Strive to win, strive for perfection, but do it within the rules of the game."
  • anonymous on 03 Dec 08
     
    Good Site for information and Comments on use of drugs on athletes. Site has lots of good comments. Very Interesting.
  • anonymous on 03 Dec 08
     
    Use it
Minjie Kim

Classics in the History of Psychology -- Skinner (1948) - 0 views

psychclassics.yorku.ca/...Pigeon

behaviorism psychology pigeons

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • Whenever we present a state of affairs which is known to be reinforcing at a given drive, we must suppose that conditioning takes place
  • The bird happens to be executing some response as the hopper appears; as a result it tends to repeat this response.
  • effect appears to depend upon the rate of reinforcement
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • the shorter the intervening interval, the speedier and more marked the conditioning
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08
       
      basically, the more you "reinforce" the faster the response will take to become a habit.
  • the longer the interval, the greater the number of intervening responses emitted without reinforcement. The resulting extinction cancels the effect of an occasional reinforcement.
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08
       
      the less you reinforce, the more the habit will be lost. like how with some things (like art or a sport) you need to keep practicing to be good at it. If you quit practicing altogether, you'll lose your ability to do whatever it is. That's basically what extinction is.
Minjie Kim

What Is Behaviorism - An Introduction to Behaviorism - 0 views

psychology.about.com/...behaviorism.htm

psychology behaviorism what is it

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
  • Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment
  • behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response
  • method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior
  • based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research.
Minjie Kim

Behaviorism | Funderstanding - 0 views

www.funderstanding.com/...behaviorism

behaviorsim psychology what it is

shared by Minjie Kim on 09 Dec 08 - Cached
  • is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts mental activities
  • define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior.
  • does not account for all kinds of learning, since it disregards the activities of the mind.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • does not explain some learning–such as the recognition of new language patterns by young children–for which there is no reinforcement mechanism.
Minjie Kim

Thought processes - 0 views

www.cc.gatech.edu/...process.html

thought process . psychology reasoning

shared by Minjie Kim on 04 Dec 08 - Cached
  • Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)
  • reasoning and problem solving
  • deductive, inductive or abductive
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Deductive reasoning involves deciding what must be true given the rules of logic
  • Inductive reasoning involves deciding what is likely
  • Deductive reasoning derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises.
  • it can lead to a logical conclusion which conflicts with our knowledge of the world
  • Human deduction is at its poorest when truth and validity clash
  • people bring their knowledge of the real world into the reasoning process
  • Induction is generalizing from cases we have seen to infer information about cases we haven't
  • In the absence of counter examples, all that we can do is gather evidence to support our inductive inference
  • Abduction reasons from a fact to the action that caused it
  • can lead to unreliability as an action preceding an event can be wrongly attributed as the cause of the event.
  • Problem solving is the process of finding a solution to an unfamiliar task
  • Gestalt theory and the problem space theory.
  • productive problem solving involves insight and restructuring of the problem
  • productive and reproductive
  • Reproductive problem solving draws on previous experiences
  • Reproductive problem solving could be a hindrance to finding a solution
  • theory says that problem solving centers around the problem space.
  • People solve novel problems by mapping knowledge in a similar known domain, to it
  • people miss analogous information unless it is semantically close to the problem domain.
    • Minjie Kim
      Minjie Kim on 04 Dec 08
       
      doesn't this basically say that humans are quite narrow minded, and fail to see a connection between two things unless it's right in front of them??
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