Group items tagged

Without an accurate assessment of the extent of the remaining oil, subsistence food-gatherers, consumers of commercial fish products from the area, and tourists have used mostly anecdotal evidence as the basis for economic decisions regarding resource utilization in the affected area.

Consequently, the Auke Bay Laboratory (ABL) with funding from the EVOS Trustee Council, took on the task of assessing the remaining oil along the shorelines of Prince William Sound during the summer of 2001

The primary objective of the project was to measure the amount of oil remaining in the intertidal zone of Prince William Sound.  Secondary objectives include determining the rate of decline of oil on these beaches, estimating the persistence of the remaining oil, and correlating the remaining oil with geomorphological features.

heavily and moderately oiled

The 2001 survey adopted a stratified random/adaptive sampling (SRAS) design. Two random pits were excavated to a depth of 0.5 m (1.6 feet) in every stratified block (0.5-m verticle drop in tide height) within a grid system established at each site. If subsurface oil was discovered in any of the randomly stratified origin pits, then additional adaptive pits were excavated above, below, to the right, and to the left of the origin pit until the extent of the oil patch was determined.

Buried or subsurface oil is of greater concern than surface oil.

Subsurface oil can remain dormant for many years before being dispersed and is more liquid, still toxic, and may become biologically available.

A disturbance event such as burrowing animals or a severe storm reworks the beach and can reintroduce unweathered oil into the water.

The toxic components of this type of surface oil are not as readily available to biota, although some softer forms do cause sheens in tide pools.

1) Surface oil was determined to be not a good indicator of subsurface oil. 2) Twenty subsurface pits were classified as heavily oiled.  Oil saturated all of the interstitial spaces and was extremely repugnant. These “worst case” pits exhibited an oil mixture that resembled oil encountered in 1989 a few weeks after the spill - highly odiferous, lightly weathered, and very fluid. 3) Subsurface oil was also found at a lower tide height than expected (between 0 and 6 feet), in contrast to the surface oil, which was found mostly at the highest levels of the beach (Table 3).  This is significant, because the pits with the most oil were found low in the intertidal zone, closest to the zone of biological production, and indicate that our estimates are conservative at best.

The possibility of continuing low level chronic effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill seem very real now, although measurable population effects would be very difficult to detect in wild populations.

 Sea otters and harlequin ducks fall into this category

such as sea otters, harlequin ducks, and their intertidal prey.

The last beach assessment was completed in September 2001. Supporting chemical analyses will be completed in fall 2002, and a final report with statistical analyses and conclusions will be completed by April 2002.

Aside from that, you will also get to try on the skydiving outfit and other equipment that can weigh as much as 35 pounds.

Those who weigh 200 to 230 pounds are very much welcome to sky dive as long as they are in good shape.

On the other hand, for those who are between 230 to 250 pounds may also sky dive provided that they in really good shape

Note that skydivers freefalling in a group just use their hands to tell each other about their situation. It’s just too noisy to talk!

a single jump is only limited to an 80-second freefall time.

To avoid injuries when landing, a sky diver must deploy his parachute around 2000 to 2500 feet.

The price of skydiving actually varies from one drop zone to another. More often than not, the price of the S/L course ranges from $120 to $150. Then, you also have to pay for the AFF course, which ranges from $250 to $300. And if you are still a beginner sky diver, don’t forget that you also have to pay for the tandem jump (when someone is strapped to you and controls the jump and landing), which is worth $140 up to $200.

Let this exhilarating moment be captured and prepare to pay additional $50 to $75.