The author believes young people are the most avid users of digital media throughout their daily lives, so we can expect that digital media will be central to their civic lives. Also civic organizations are so deeply enmeshed in the online world that basic participation now requires a certain amountof digital literacy. Civic life is rapidly digitizing, so a crucial component of teaching students the skills to engage as competent civic actors is teaching them how to engage in virtual spaces persuasively, critically, collectively, and before invisible audiences.

This is a short literary review of Jason Ohler's 2008 book (title above). For the purpose of organization, Ohler classifies digital storytelling into three sections: Part I-Storytelling, Education, and the New Media, Part II-The Art and Practice of Storytelling, and Part III- Going Digital. According to Ohler, Digital storytelling is important to society, it shares an interrelationship with technology and it has a place in education, tied to literacy. Regardless of the technology advances made in the future, people will use it to fulfill the inherent need to tell their story. (For proof, just look at the progressive advancement of Snapchat. What began as an app allowing users to send cellphone picts to friends using custom contacts lists image display times of ≤10 sec has evolved to allow creation of Sanpchat Stories allowing users to chronicle daily activities via video clips, images & captions available for friends to view over 24 hr.) Ohler identifies fundamentals of a digital story as: Genre, resonance, active/passive viewing, point of view, emotional engagement, tone, spoken narrative, soundtrack, creativity, media grammar, and more. In addition, the reader is able to see how each element connects to literacy development, inquiry, and the backwards design.

American youth are interested in civic engagement as well as in playing with media. A research team commissioned by MTV interviewed more than twelve hundred young people, conducted expert interviews and ethnographies, and took a national poll of a representative sample ages 12-24, between December 2005 and April 2006. The research found, 70% believing in the importance of helping the community, 68% already doing something to support a cause on a monthly basis and 82% describing themselves at least somewhat involved. From this data, it does seem that the majority of young people are convinced that civic engagement (i.e., supporting a social cause of some kind) is something they should be involved. However, there is a strong disparity between interest and involvement, an "activation gap" and there is significant room for growth.

As an instructional tool, teachers have the option of showing previously created digital stories to their students to introduce content and capture students' attention when presenting new ideas. Teachers who are able to create self-made digital stories find that they can be particularly helpful not only in engaging students in the content, but also in facilitating discussion about topics presented in a story and helping make abstract or conceptual content more understandable. A multimedia-rich digital story can serve as an anticipatory set or hook to capture the attention of students and increase their interest in exploring new ideas.

This is an annotated bibliography comparing digitization (i.e., "creating digital surrogates of paper-based sources") as a form of artifact preservation to the preservation of digital resources (i.e., archiving digitally created sources). Articles included in the bibliography share a common idea that institutions need to commit to collaborating if digitization of artifacts is to be completed satisfactorily. Cox (2008) states in the abstract that "archival security is not just about guarding against theft and vandalism; it is about accountability and ethics and the potential challenges to archives and archivists" (p. 12). According to Cottrell (1999), digital archiving "technologies have created new ethical dilemmas in librarianship. Four possible areas of concern are identified: privacy and confidentiality, acquisitions and collection development, archiving and preservation, and deskilling and gender bias" (p. 11).

The article identifies common archival issues (i.e., listing and cataloging) associated with archiving digitally created information, due to rapidly changing technologies used to create digital information. This makes it challenging to appropriately list and catalog the moral impacts created by the rapidly emerging technologies. The article (n.d.) states, "ever morphing nature of information technology is changing our ability to even fully understand moral values as they change. Lorenzo Magnani claims that acquiring knowledge of how that change confounds our ability to reason morally '…has become a duty in our technological world'" (section 1.1). The article alerts to impending moral and ethical dilemmas created by smart phone apps that will be soon be capable of streaming biometric data (e.g., vital signs, physical activity logs, caloric intake, etc.) and linking it with GPS tracking to identify geo-locators tied to fluctuations in biometric data via phone applications. The advantage of such technology can lead to promotion of more healthy lifestyles. However, streaming such sensitive biometric information (data) leads to privacy and ethical concerns that are not easily resolved. Other moral, ethical and privacy issues are created surreptitiously when browsing websites on the Internet. "Browser software records all manner of data about our visits to various websites which can, for example, make webpages load faster next time you visit them. Even the websites themselves use various means to record information when your computer has accessed them and they may leave bits of information on your computer which the site can use the next time you visit. Some websites are able to detect which other sites you have visited or which pages on the website you spend the most time on. If someone were following you around a library noting down this kind of information you might find it uncomfortable or hostile, but online this kind of behavior takes place behin

The author establishes a position for creating one singular technological model that can "authentically preserve all digital-original informational entities for the purposes of all disciplines, the resulting economies of scale will yield tremendous benefits" (n.p.). To bring this idea to fruition, Rothenberg (2014) outlines a concept that supports a "foundation for a universal, transdisciplinary concept of authenticity based on the notion of suitability" (n.p.). The design framework for universal, transdisciplinary authenticity requires a proposed digital-original artifact to fulfill a standardized interdisciplinary criterion to be considered authentic across varying disciplines. This singular authenticity approach "provides a common vocabulary for expressing authenticity principles and criteria, as well as a common basis for evaluating the success of any preservation approach" (n.p.).

The preservation of cultural memory falls upon custodians of cultural memory. "Separating usage [allowing users to utilize exact replicas] from the original, digital technology affords multiple, simultaneous uses from a single original in ways that are simply not possible for materials stored in any other form" (p. 2). Although digital technologies afford advantages in the digital preservation of information, using digital technologies for preservation of original works poses ethical and moral concerns not previously encountered. Again, the continual evolution of technological devices and software severely challenges archival efforts. "…technological obsolescence represents a far greater threat to information in digital form than the inherent physical fragility of many digital media" (p. 5). "Jeff Rothenberg, for example, has recently suggested that there may be sufficient demand for entrepreneurs to create and archive emulators of software and operating systems that would allow the contents of digital information to be carried forward and used in its original format" (p. 6). Perhaps the greatest challenges facing digital archiving are "costs and the technical, legal and organizational complexities of moving digital information forward into the future raise our greatest fear about the life of information in the digital future: namely, that owners or custodians who can no longer bear the expense and difficulty will deliberately or inadvertently, through a simple failure to act, destroy the objects without regard for future use" (p. 7). To this end, the "Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group (RLG) have joined together in charging the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information to take this first essential step toward a national system of digital preservation. They have asked the Task Force to "consult broadly among librarians, archivists, curators, technologists, relevant government and private sector or

Marcum (1997) uses a quote from Jarislav Pelikan to establish the need for archival commitment to preserve information (knowledge) in establishments such as libraries, museums, archives (federal, state and local municipalities) and the like as illustrating "embalming of the dead". To this end, a task force was formed by combining the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group formed a Task Force on the Archiving of Digital Information. This task force identified a short list of five challenges associated with the preservation of digital artifacts. Specifically, organizational in nature: − "The first line of defense against loss of valuable digital information rests with the creators, providers, and owners of digital information. − Long-term preservation of digital information on a scale adequate for the demands of future research and scholarship will require a deep infrastructure capable of supporting a distributed system of digital archives. − A sufficient number of trusted organizations must exist that are capable of storing, migrating, and providing access to digital collections. − A process of certification for digital archives is needed to create an overall climate of trust about the prospects of preserving digital information. − Certified digital archives must have the right and duty to exercise an aggressive rescue function as a fail-safe mechanism for preserving valuable digital information that is in jeopardy of destruction, neglect, or abandonment by its current custodian" (pp. 358-359). The task force also established a list of greatest organizational challenges opposing support for the preservation of digital information. This list includes the following items: − "Legal bases for deposit and rescue. In individual countries and internationally, legislation and agreements are needed to encourage legal deposit of electronic resources with archival repositories, to enable rescue of abandoned resource

We Are What We Post? Self‐Presentation in Personal Web Space EDU681102 - FA15 Module 3, Week 2 Ness, Article #5

An Analysis of Electronic Media to Prepare Children for Safe and Ethical Practices in Digital Environments EDU681102 - FA15 Module 3, Week 2 Ness, Article #4

Computer-Mediated Communication in the Classroom: Asset or Liability? EDU681102 - FA15 Module 3, Week 2 Ness, Article #3

Trust and Virtual Worlds: Contemporary Perspectives EDU681102 - FA15 Module 3, Week 2 Ness, Article #2

The Rules of Virtual Groups: Trust, Liking, and Performance in Computer-Mediated Communication EDU681102 - FA15 Module 3, Week 2 Ness, Article #1

EDU681102 - Module 2, Week 2. Mark Ness, article #1.

Edited link - https://diigo.com/082856

EDU681102 - Module 2, Week 2. Mark Ness, article #2.

Edited link - https://diigo.com/08285f

EDU681102 - Module 2, Week 2. Mark Ness, article #4.