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Klaas Kay

Pervez Hoodbhoy, Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and Battle for Rationality Dr. ... - 0 views

  • Al-Ghazali’s Views on Cause-Effect Relation and Free Will  One reason al-Ghazali is put squarely against rationality is Hoodbhoy’s understanding of the term. Following Nietzshe, Hoodbhoy defines “rationality” as “a matrix of connections which assigns cause to effect”. In this form, the definition can hardly exclude any one from rationality, since almost every human being, from the primitive man living in jungles to the most sophisticated researcher, in some way accepts the validity of cause and effect relationship. Even animals must at some level have a notion of this relationship, for otherwise they could not function as living organisms. The difference lies in the degree to which the relationship is viewed as deterministic or necessary. Hoodbhoy often seems to assume -- and make part of rationality -- a strictly deterministic connection, that is, every event (with the possible exception of the big bang?) can be assigned a set of causes that uniquely determine that event. The problem with this view of rationality is that it has identified rationality with a particular position on the cause-effect relationship. A satisfactory definition of rationality, however, should leave room for questioning all positions including a position on the cause-effect relationship. The irreducible minimum of such a definition should consist only of: a) a belief in the general intelligibility of the universal order, b) some rules of logic, and c) use of observations and experiments in validating all models of the universe. 
  • If one must connect rationality and the acceptance of a cause and effect relation, the connection should be expressed in probabilistic terms. One could, for example, say: Rationality assigns probabilities to possible effects resulting from a given set of causes, consistent with whatever observations we do possess and whatever analysis of those observations we are able to conduct. We become irrational when we assign probabilities (including 0 and 1) to effects without regard to available observations.  To get back to our author, Hoodbhoy condemns al-Ghazali for denying that the cause-effect relationship is sufficient for explaining events in the universe and for accepting the belief in predestination. What Hoodbhoy fails to realize is that even if these positions are wrong, they are not irrational or against science, since logic and science cannot prove them false. Al-Ghazali said that “the conjunction (al-‘iqtiran) between what is conceived by way of habit (fi al-‘adah) as cause and effect is not necessary (laysa daruriyyan).”  Many centuries later the philosopher David Hume will argue a similar position. This position can also be justifiably derived from modern quantum physics, which admits the possibility that a given state of the universe may lead in any future moment of time one of several possible states. If so, then just as al-Ghazali said, cause-effect relationship is not necessary. 
  • As for al-Ghazali’s belief in predestination, it can be justified by the assumption, perfectly reasonable, that human thoughts and actions are events in the universe and are subject to laws according to which the universe functions. This leads to two possibilities.  First, we may assume a deterministic universe in the sense that there are laws, discoverable through science, according to which one state of the universe completely determines all future states. In particular, all human activities are completely predetermined by the past states of the universe. There is nothing inherently irrational about such a deterministic view of the universe. Indeed, it is a reasonable deduction from the cause-effect relationship, so important for Hoodbhoy, and has often been assumed by philosophers and scientists, especially in the 18th and 19th century. Buoyed by the initial successes of science to explain the data available at the time, some scientists believed that everything that happens in the universe, including human feelings, thoughts, choices, and actions can be explained, at least in theory, in terms of the motions of various particles in the human body and elsewhere in the universe and therefore can be predicted, at least in theory, using some boundary conditions and the mathematical equations of physics. There is no real difference between this view and the belief in predestination, except that the term “predestination” suggests that human actions are predetermined not by some boundary conditions and mathematical laws but by some intelligent agent or God. 
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  • Second, we may assume a non-deterministic universe of the type described by quantum physics. In this case, we can reasonably argue that while a given state is not completely determined by the past states according to the laws discoverable by science, it is nevertheless uniquely determined in the sense that “it will be what it will be, and could not be anything else”. This is again equivalent to predestination.  Hoodbhoy again and again stresses the importance of belief in the freedom of will and in a strict cause-effect relationship. But there is a contradiction between the two beliefs. For, if a free exercise of human will is an event within the observable universe, it cannot be assigned a sufficient cause, for otherwise it cannot be “free” in any reasonable sense. On the other hand, if free will operates somewhere outside the observable universe, then the actions resulting from this operation of will, which clearly take place within the observable universe, cannot be assigned a sufficient cause within that universe. In either case the belief in freedom of will implies that there are events in the observable universe that cannot be assigned sufficient causes within that universe, that is, we cannot at the same time affirm belief in the freedom of will and belief in a strict cause-effect relationship governing the observable universe. 
Muslim Academy

Role of Muslim Youth in modern world - 0 views

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    Youth is definitely the power of any nation and any religion. A nation gains its identity in the world mainly and mostly because of its youth. Only the youth has the power and strength to prove its nation and religion in the universe. So, to make a nation or religious successful most attention is paid and must be paid on the youth of the respective religion and nation. A nation that does not have a strengthened youth can never be successful. It is evident from the history that the nations that made their way in the world are those who had a powerful youth. In fact youth are the building blocks of any nation. Same is the case with the Muslim nation. The Muslims nation also has a very powerful and strong Muslim youth. If we have a look at the past history we can briefly have a look at the youth of the Muslim nation and their great deeds. No doubt Islam is a very spiritual and strong religion of the world. It also has a strong nation. This article deals with Muslim nations and also its youth. In fact in this article we will discuss about the important role played by the Muslim youth in the modern world. History is quite evident about the fact that Muslims have done marvelous jobs in the past in every field of life. Many important and main inventions are related to the youth of the Muslim nation. Muslims scientist are also the youth of the Muslim nation and we all know that the youth of Muslims has made their way in the modern world. They have done marvels in the history of the modern world. Same is the case with the youth of the Muslim nation at present. Now a day's the youth is even more aware and strong. They are much more powerful than their ancestors. The reason is that they have more resources than past and they also make the use of these resources at their best. This is the reason why the youth of Muslim nation is so renowned in the modern world.
Muslim Academy

Muslim teacher Responsibilities and qualities - 0 views

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    Teachers are very important for teachings of young generation for making them able to work in an effective manner. Muslim teacher is doing a great job for education of young people in the society. He is responsible for education of students in their contents of courses as well as in Islam. Many Muslims are teaching different subjects in different parts of the world. Some countries are non Muslim in which Muslims are working as teachers. Islam is not a subject in many non Muslim countries and they are not teaching about Islam. Muslim teacher is able to show the importance of Islam through his behavior in non Muslim countries. He must follow the teachings of Islam and make others to follow as per their willingness. When the students will see the importance of Islamic teachings then they will get inspired and follow Islam. In this manner a good Muslim teacher is able to spread Islam through his good behavior. In a Muslim society a Muslim who is working as a teacher is given much respect and care.
Muslim Academy

Al-Beruni-The Pioneer Muslim Scientist - 0 views

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    There have past great Muslims who have been the jewel of knowledge and a cause of great pride for the Muslim community. They have made great achievements to get their names and that of their religion in the list of people who have had their considerable part and portion in the total research and development of entire world. Some Muslims have made their name in war while others in peace. It is altogether correct to say that Muslims have been contributing in making the technologies of world which we see today. Muslims have contributed largely in medical field by the invention of several surgical equipments and methods. Apart from medicine, Muslims have contributed largely in the fields of physics and chemistry with the invention of equipments and certain chemical compounds which are in industrial use now a day giving billions to industries worldwide. The Pioneer Muslim about which you will be told is the great Abu Rehan Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Al Beruni. Al Beruni was a great polymath scholar who lived in the 10th and 11th century. His name is still taken as the one of the greatest scientist who ever lived and walked the ground because he was specialized in not one and two but four fields related to mathematics all of whom are separate fields of knowledge and research. Mathematics, the study of numbers and calculations through different formulae was mastered by this great Pioneer Muslim and physics the study of matter and energy was his specialty. The great Muslim achiever was able to form theories and then hypothetically present them and then prove them to the world about astronomy and natural sciences.
Muslim Academy

Women in Islam - 0 views

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    Before Islam, women had no identity and no individuality among the people. She was believed like something to be used and trashed afterward. Children or even slaves had better position than women. She did not have any human rights at all. Various cultures still consider a woman as a less than ordinary person and do not give her diverse essential rights what men own. In many parts, women extremely dislike this discrimination. They have decided to struggle for getting equality for themselves which regrettably yet get them away from their basic rights. Islam is the first religion who greatly respects women and acknowledges their equality with men in several aspects. With Islam, women have a position never acknowledged before. The Holy Quran has many teachings for men and women in a similar way. Islam indisputably propagates the ethical, religious and financial equality of men and women. When it comes to the divine rule of the relationship between a man and woman, Islam has given a place of dignity and respect to woman. The rules are vital for harmony, soothe, pleasure, persistence of the varieties and development. The Holy Quran highlights that ALLAH has made all creatures in couples, and so men and women have been made of the identical creatures. As it is mentioned in the Holy Quran: "He made you from an only being; then of the similar kind made its companion." (39:7) "He has made for you companions of your same kind." (42:12) Women have equal rights and responsibilities in regard of education as Prophet Muhammad PBUH said: "It is mandatory all Muslims to seek knowledge."
Muslim Academy

Etiquette in Islam: 8-(Funeral Etiquette): - 0 views

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    Death is the ultimate truth in life. It is a dead-sure fact that all human beings have to face one day whether they accept it or not. That is why one of the greatest advices given by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was to: "Be in this life like a stranger or a passerby.". By bearing in mind that one will definitely pass away, we will be at rest because no matter what we do to avoid it, it is inevitable. Accepting this fact will make us nearer to God, because it implies our acceptance and satisfaction of whatever God decrees for us, be it a sad thing or a happy thing. But just as we celebrate the birth of a new baby coming into the world, we grieve over the death of somebody leaving this world. It is the sense of bereavement that brings about sorrow and sadness and…funerals. There is even etiquette for funeral in Islam that includes some manners and principles that we have to pay attention to that help alleviate grieving and let the go peacefully. Funeral etiquette starts from the minute the person is dying. It is very encouraged in Islam to help the dying say the shahada: (there is no god worthy of worship except God and Muhammad is the messenger of God). Saying the shahada before dying will make the deceased enter paradise as said by the Prophet (PBUH). Also, out of respect, we should close the deceased person's eyes and cover him because he has no more control over his body.
Muslim Academy

norwegian massacre is due to Islamization - 0 views

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    A tragic massacre occurred in Norway recently, the reason was the fear of Islam prevailing in the minds of the people. Islam is being considered a ruthless and violent religion and is thought to be dangerous for other communities who don't care for the fundamentals of Islam. The massacre happened in Oslo and nearby Utøya, and took the lives of at least 92 innocent people. Anders Behring Breivik (32) made his confession statement for the deadly massacre which he had deliberately planned in Oslo and Utøya. Anders Behring Breivik published a manuscript over the internet where he shed light upon the significant points regarding the killing of the innocent people. Anders Behring Breivik confessed that it took him nine long years to plan the deadly act, the act included the bombing and brutal killing of at least 92 innocents in Oslo and nearby Utøya. Anders Behring Breivik, Christian by belief, launched a 1500 page manuscript in which he explained all of the detailsof his act and the reasons why he did it.
Muslim Academy

Terrorism in Pakistan and the Way to Cope - 0 views

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    Pakistan is facing some serious and critical situations from the last decade due to terrorism. Before now, only Karachi was considered problematic because of some target killings between two groups. But since the United States war in Afghanistan, the situation has worsened in Pakistan. There is no place that should be considered safe throughout the country. This is considered to be the result of America against the Taliban's. There are different groups of Taliban within Afghanistan and Pakistan and most of them are against the terrorism in Pakistan. They have also negotiated peace in the area.
Muslim Academy

The Culture of Yemen - 0 views

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    Yemen Culture Overview The populace of Yemen is culturally Arabic dominated through Sunni Muslims from the Shafi'i School along with Shi'a Muslims with the Zaydi University. You will also find people of other religions here. However, Islam is the official religion and is followed by the Muslims of the country. People from other religions are allowed to follow their beliefs and religion without any pressure from the government or the local people. Muslims of Yemen believe in live and let live that is why that is why they do not interfere in the matters of others. Arabic Language People of Yemen communicate in Arabic. The different forms involving Arabic common on the 6-8 ethnical zones are utilized throughout everyday life. Particular to the south Arabian languages similar to Mehri, Soqotri, as well as Bathari may also be seen amid specific parts of individuals. Russian is also spoken is some parts of the country while English is taught at the schools. Some schools also teach French to their students. And interestingly only few people speak English in Yemen unlike other Arabic countries. Yemeni Foods With regard to breakfast, Yemenis normally have a very nice powerful tea together with bread made from wheat, barley or even sorghum. People prefer having porridge in dinner which is made of natural herbs that are thought to be healthy for human health. The staple food of Yemen is sorghum, lentils and peas. Boiled meat of goat and chicken is very common with the rice on eve of celebration or festive. Fresh fruits along with raisins are usually consumed as puddings. Lately dairy food items have also become very famous in the country. This has proven healthy and most of the people chew qat throughout the day.
Muslim Academy

The Pillars of Islam and their meaning - 0 views

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    One of the Pillars of Islam is prayer and this is what will enable you to keep ion having faith in God. According to the Islamic faith, every Muslim from all over the globe needs to practice the prayer rituals every day. They need to pray five times a day during the listed times. The five prayers are different and one needs to know the procedure they will use when they are praying. Before one starts to pray, they are required to do the religious cleansing with water, place the mat in the direction facing Mecca and they will start the prayers. Some people do it at home and others in the office and some in the mosque. You need to find the right place that you will use to conduct these prayers. It is important for each Muslim to honor and practice these praying rituals. Another of the Pillars of Islam is the declaration of the fait. This is the strongest of all the Pillars of Islam and it all starts with the decoration that you are a Muslim. If you do not declare that you are a Muslim, it means that you are not a believers. On the other hand, all these who declare that they are Muslims need to follow the teachings of Allah and this is indicated in the Quran. Every Muslim needs to testify that they believe in Allah and they will honor the deeds and the virtues of the Islamic faith. It all starts with believe and then one will end up honoring the other Pillars of Islam.
Muslim Academy

Buddhists Hatred for Rohingya Muslims - 0 views

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    The fear and hatred in the lives of Burmese Muslims have been increasing for many years. Although some reduction in the hatred has been seen. But, the hatred has been kept in control by the military in Burma. This is the time when Burma is entering into an era where liberalization is the main belief of the citizens and the Burmese government. This is the liberalization that has been thought to be one of the main reasons for an increase in the sectarian violence in the region.
Muslim Academy

All American Muslim - 0 views

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    A famous reality TV show has been ended in January 2012 due to critics and sponsorship controversy resulting in lower viewership. Muslims in America are just miscellaneous as any other random grouping of Americans. American Muslims at last have their own reality TV show - All-American Muslim is an American reality television program. - focusing on the lives of five American Muslim families in Dearborn, Michigan, who are predominantly Lebanese and Shiite. The show's premiere gave TLC huge ratings and made the show No 2 in its time period. There are many Muslims in America and these American Muslims have same rights as any other.
Muslim Academy

Iran Iraq conflict-Qassim Sulaimani role in Iran-Iraq disputes - 0 views

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    When a senior Iraqi official traveled to Iran in 2007, he finally found out who was handling Iran's policy of relations with the west. Shockingly, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wasn't the one handing these relations, but actually it was the paramilitary Quds force head named Qassim Sulaimani. He stated that he holds "sole authority for Iranian actions in Iraq," saying that whatever policy was taking place in Iraq was handled by him. With the promotion last year, Qassim Sulaimani holds the highest rank in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. He is the brain behind several policies, among them the Iranian influence towards Iraq and providing military security to President Bashar al-Assad of Syria. Qassim Sulaimani's role has created a series of conflicts with the U.S. Qassim Sulaimani tried to kill the Saudi ambassador to the United States, and he is now on a list of considerable threats.
Muslim Academy

Islamic Culture: Why Muslims are in wrong Track? - 0 views

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    Hijab is one of the most crucial Muslim cultural beliefs. Muslim women can be Hijab-less to non Mahram people for example, Muslim women do not have to cover their head and thus can show their hair to their fathers, husbands, sons, fathers and other men who are specifically allowed as "mahram" (legal). There are many fashionable Hijab now in the world. The girls look so modest and beautiful in Hijab. Hijabs are now so fashionable that many girls who are very fashion concern and smart they are now wearing Hijab. Hijab is not now considered as the criteria of ugliness even by the fashion specialists. Muslim culture, however, has showed what way woman can be modest. There are certain dress codes for the woman in Islam. If they follow the dress code, the young people will not be misguided. There are certain amazing modest dresses popular with Muslim ladies. Jibab is a very popular dress for the woman. This is very fashionable as well as modest. Muslim woman like this wonderful dress very much as wearing this they look more beautiful and modest as well. Young boys don't stare greedily at the girls wearing Jilbab not because she looks ugly rather they become bound to respect that girls for her modest dress. She doesn't look sexy in that dress rather looks civilized and disciplined.
Muslim Academy

History of the West-what made the western nations to rise? - 1 views

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    The History of the West focuses in the western world when the British and the French took over the different countries and started colonizing them. This major factor led to the expansion of their kingdoms and controlled a heavy majority of the city. Their presence was felt over the countries and their rule continued for many years. There are many ways, that they use to rule and capture the different cities and one of them was through war. The French and British had some of the strongest armies and they used most of the resources to facilitate and fund the army. This was one of the major factors that led them to capture many countries, and mark their territory. The armies were very organized and they plotted to collaborate with the locals in return for gifts and high position when they took over. They also had spies who kept vigilance on the enemy and had a good reporting system. Based on the History of the West, education played a major role in capturing other cities and dominating the area. Spanish and French languages were dominant in the western world but the British rule abolished these languages and people were adhered to speaking English. Most of the scholars used this language to educate the people and they started schools, hospitals, and other facilities that would go a long way in assisting the locals. This wooed people to attend the schools since they wanted to be familiar with the language and get good jobs.
Muslim Academy

Classical Arabic - 0 views

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    Many people wonder about the ways to be able to learn the Arabic dialect whenever they just comprehended one dialect. There are countless techniques in order to become efficient in Arabic. A very effective technique is to start developing your skills on the internet by using a good software application. The most wonderful technique in order to learn Arabic will be to actually go to the Middle East and take part in that culture. There is no better alternative of this technique. But due to many problems including time and money, which does not permit anybody to just pack their stuff and permanently or temporarily live in a whole new place with new people whom you are not familiar with.
Muslim Academy

Beard; Symbol Of A Terrorist In The West - 0 views

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    Unfortunately, you would not be able to deny that whenever a man is spotted with a long beard and a cap on his head the first thing that comes to everyone's mind is that he is a "terrorist". Even more lamentable is that such thoughts are not only common amongst non-Muslims but Muslims as well. Even in Muslim countries if a man decides to keep a beard and wear a cap, his life will immediately be made hell by all of his peers. They would taunt him, jeer him, call him a terrorist, point him out in various gatherings as well as in photographs as a molvi, terrorist, and what not. None of those people would ever realize how much pain it inflicts on that person. As they say, any injury can be healed but not that is inflicted by the tongue. The Prophet Muhammad sallallaho alaihi WA aalihi WA sallam also said: " a Muslim is he from whose hands and tongue other Muslims are safe". So how can those so-called friends and peers of that person ever claim to be Muslims. Who said that only terrorists were brain washed. No! It is such people that brain wash that person. While applying for a job, his backward an 'uncool' looks would hinder his way no matter how competent he might be. Those with lesser talent but better looks will be preferred over him. Similarly, at the time of marriage, girls will look down upon him. He will be rejected as he has that ugly beard and he may belong to a terrorist group.
Muslim Academy

Islam is not terrorism - 0 views

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    Islam is one of the largest religions of the world. It believes in one God "Allah", the life after death, resurrection and the Prophet Muhammad as the last Prophet. The teachings of Islam had been revealed to various Prophets starting with Adams, but it was made perfect and complete over Prophet Muhammad through the revelation of the Holy Quran. Islam is a peaceful universal religion as it preaches the message of peace and brotherhood. However, unfortunately, today Islam is known as the religion of terrorism around the western world, especially in USA and Europe. The question that should be posed, here, is who is to blame for portraying such a bad image of the religion Islam? There is no doubt that Al-Qaeda and Taliban; these so-called Muslims are among the main reasons behind smearing the reputation of Islam. They are settled in the area of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. These terrorists kill many innocent people every day. They launch many suicidal attacks in the name of Jihad, killing thousands of innocent people.
Muslim Academy

Punishment for Rape in Islam * Muslim Academy Forum - 0 views

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    Is a rape victim required to forgive a rapist in Islam? How much of a crime is rape seen in Islam?. What punishment in Islam for those who did this sin ?

Muslim Academy

Hoarding In Islam * Muslim Academy Forum - 1 views

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    Islam strictly prohibited hoarding and discourages hoarding.Allah Almighty clearly mention in Holy Quran ; 9.35. On that day, it (that hoarded wealth) will be heated in the fire of Hell and, therewith, their foreheads and their sides and their backs will be branded (and they will hear): "This is the treasure which you hoarded up for yourselves; taste now what you were busy hoarding!" يَوْمَ يُحْمَى عَلَيْهَا فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ فَتُكْوَى بِهَا جِبَاهُهُمْ وَجُنوبُهُمْ وَظُهُورُهُمْ هَـذَا مَا كَنَزْتُمْ لأَنفُسِكُمْ فَذُوقُواْ مَا كُنتُمْ تَكْنِزُونَ 35. On that day, it (that hoarded wealth) will be heated in the fire of Hell and, therewith, their foreheads and their sides and their backs will be branded (and they will hear): "This is the treasure which you hoarded up for yourselves; taste now what you were busy hoarding!
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