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Emily Foley

eHRAF World Cultures - 0 views

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inca religion

shared by Emily Foley on 17 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • The state ceremonial calendar corresponded closely to the agricultural cycle of the highlands, with many rituals explicitly linked to crop productivity.
  • RELIGIOUS BELIEFS   Inka state religion has been characterized as more pragmatic than mystical, concerned more with food production and the curing of disease than spiritual salvation. The Inka recognized the existence of a supreme deity known as WIRAQOCHA, who was understood to be the creator of the world. The second most important deity in the Inka pantheon was INTI, the sun and father of the Inka sovereign. Other deities included ILLAPA (lightening), KILLA (moon), CHOQUE CHINCHAY (the constellation of Orion), and CHASQA KOYLLUR (Venus). The earth (PACHAMAMA), water (MAMACOCHA), and mountains (APUS) were also understood to possess supernatural qualities
  • The Inka ruler portrayed himself as the direct descendant of the sun. The first Inka, Manco Capac, was said to have emerged from a cave together with his three brothers and four sisters. The eight siblings set out in search of an appropriate site to settle. They eventually arrived in the valley of Cuzco, defeated the local population, and founded what would become the capital of the last indigenous empire
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  • nka religion was fundamentally animistic insofar as inanimate objects were understood to have a spiritual content. The sun and moon, certain stars, the sea, the earth, rivers and springs, hills, snow-capped peaks, caves and outcrops all had special significance for the Inka
  • RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS
  • All religious shrines (HUACAS) had at least one resident attendant and the larger had sizeable staffs. Such individuals, including both men and women, were full time ritual specialists.
  • The women were selected from a larger corps of Chosen Women (AQLLAKUNA) maintained by the state. They formed their own order presided over by a priestess of the highest nobility
  • . Besides tending the shrine, making appropriate sacrifices, and praying, the priests and priestesses also engaged in the interpretation of oracles, hearing confessions, and diagnosing illnesses.
  • Emily Foley on 17 Apr 13
     
    inca religious beliefs, practices, cermonies
Emily Foley

Inca - 0 views

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inca

shared by Emily Foley on 18 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • The Inca ruled an empire in the Andes and Pacific coast of South America, with a capital in Cuzco (Peru) in the 12th century, at which time their population was about 12,000,000. They left no written record of their civilization before the Spanish conquest. The Inca had an oral tradition, however, claiming the founder of the Inca dynasty to be Manco Capac. Mayta Capac was their 4th emperor under whom the Inca began to expand. To manage the new areas, the Incas employed forced resettlement of many of the conquered people and set up local governors responsible for gathering taxes. When the Spanish arrived in Peru in 1532, the leadership of the Inca was in turmoil, and so within three years, the invaders conquered the Inca.
  • The Inca were agricultural, using canals and irrigation, with a large network of roads and bridges, as well as a message delivery system. The Inca were tolerant of the religion of their conquered people. Their own religion had among other elements, a sun god, Inti, a creator god, Viracocha, and human sacrifice.
  • Emily Foley on 18 Apr 13
     
    information for intro
Emily Healey

NOVA | The Lost Inca Empire - 0 views

www.pbs.org/...lost-inca-empire.html

shared by Emily Healey on 22 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • The Lost Inca Empire
  • "Land of the Four Quarters" or Tahuantinsuyu is the name the Inca gave to their empire. It stretched north to south some 2,500 miles along the high mountainous Andean range from Colombia to Chile and reached west to east from the dry coastal desert called Atacama to the steamy Amazonian rain forest. At the height of its existence the Inca Empire was the largest nation on Earth and remains the largest native state to have existed in the western hemisphere.
  • 10 million subjects. Cuzco, which emerged as the richest city in the New World, was the center of Inca life, the home of its leaders
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  • Money existed in the form of work—each subject of the empire paid "taxes" by laboring on the myriad roads, crop terraces, irrigation canals, temples, or fortresses. In return, rulers paid their laborers in clothing and food. Silver and gold were abundant, but only used for aesthetics.
  • Inca kings and nobles amassed stupendous riches which accompanied them, in death, in their tombs. But it was their great wealth that ultimately undid the Inca, for the Spaniards, upon reaching the New World, learned of the abundance of gold in Inca society and soon set out to conquer it—at all costs.
  • The first known Incas, a noble family who ruled Cuzco and a small surrounding high Andean agricultural state, date back to A.D. 1200. The growth of the empire beyond Cuzco began in 1438
  • Strictly speaking, the name "Inca" refers to the first royal family and the 40,000 descendants who ruled the empire. However, for centuries historians have used the term in reference to the nearly 100 nations conquered by the Inca.
  • all-weather highway system, the over 14,000 miles of Inca roads were an astonishing and reliable precursor to the advent of the automobile. Communication and transport was efficient and speedy, linking the mountain peoples and lowland desert dwellers with Cuzco.
  • With the arrival from Spain in 1532 of Francisco Pizarro and his entourage of mercenaries or "conquistadors," the Inca empire was seriously threatened for the first time.
  • Duped into meeting with the conquistadors in a "peaceful" gathering, an Inca emperor, Atahualpa, was kidnapped and held for ransom. After paying over $50 million in gold by today's standards, Atahualpa, who was promised to be set free, was strangled to death by the Spaniards who then marched straight for Cuzco and its riches.
  • By Ciezo de Leon's own observation the extreme riches and expert stone work of the Inca were beyond belief: "In one of (the) houses, which was the richest, there was the figure of the sun, very large and made of gold, very ingeniously worked, and enriched with many precious stones...
  • How did Pizarro and his small army of mercenaries, totaling less than 400, conquer what was becoming the world's largest civilization? Much of the "conquest" was accomplished without battles or warfare as the initial contact Europeans made in the New World resulted in rampant disease. Old World infectious disease left its devastating mark on New World Indian cultures. In particular, smallpox spread quickly through Panama, eradicating entire populations. Once the disease crossed into the Andes its southward spread caused the single most devastating loss of life in the Americas. Lacking immunity, the New World peoples, including the Inca, were reduced by two-thirds.
  • With the aid of disease and the success of his initial deceit of Atahualpa, Pizarro acquired vast amounts of Inca gold which brought him great fortune in Spain. Reinforcements for his troops came quickly and his conquest of a people soon moved into consolidation of an empire and its wealth. Spanish culture, religion, and language rapidly replaced Inca life and only a few traces of Inca ways remain in the native culture as it exists today.
  • With the aid of disease and the success of his initial deceit of Atahualpa, Pizarro acquired vast amounts of Inca gold which brought him great fortune in Spain. Reinforcements for his troops came quickly and his conquest of a people soon moved into consolidation of an empire and its wealth. Spanish culture, religion, and language rapidly replaced Inca life and only a few traces of Inca ways remain in the native culture as it exists today.
  • Emily Foley on 22 Apr 13
     
    could use some of this in the introduction and use to explain the decline of the empire
  • Emily Healey on 02 May 13
     
    conquest from Spanish; colonization 
Emily Foley

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inca religion

shared by Emily Foley on 17 Apr 13 - No Cached
  • Bauer, Brian S.. The sacred landscape of the Inca: the Cusco ceque system
  • the Cusco ceque system, a ritual system composed of several hundred shrines in the heartland of the Inca.
  • city of Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire in the fifteenth century
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  • Inca, both noble and common, who maintained and worshipped at the shrines, and the Spaniards, who systematically destroyed the shrines in their campaigns against idolatry
Emily Healey

The Incas - 0 views

www.latinamericanstudies.org/...collier.htm

shared by Emily Healey on 02 May 13 - Cached
  • The legendary founding of Cusco by the first Inca, Manco Capac, is placed about a.d. 1100. Cusco lies in the hollow of a valley at 11, 207 feet (3,416 meters); on two sides, the Andes rise precipitously, and at its southern end the valley stretches for miles between the double row of mountains. Manco Capac, according to legend, came up this valley from the south; following instructions of the sun god he threw his golden staff into the Cusco earth, and when the staff disappeared, suggesting the land's fertility, he founded his city. It is generally agreed, and archaeologically confirmed, that Inca history actually begins about 1200 and continues through 13 ruling Incas, ending with the death of Atahualpa at the hands of the Spaniards in 1533. In the 12th century, however, the Incas were only one of the myriad tribes that occupied the Andes area.
  • The Incas began by enlarging their hold beyond the immediate valley of Cusco. By 1350, during the reign of Inca Roca, they had conquered all areas close to Lake Titicaca in the south as well as the valleys to the immediate east of Cusco. To the north and east the region around the Upper Urubamba River also soon fell to the Incas, and their realm then began to spread westward.
  • The last indisputable Inca, Huayna Capac, who came to power in 1493, the year after Columbus landed in America, made the final conquests. He extended the empire so that it included Chachapoyas on the right bank of the upper Rio Marañon in northern Peru, and his warriors reduced the belligerent tribes on the Isle of Puná (off the coast of Ecuador) and around Guayaquil on the adjacent shore. The final Inca extension was even farther to the north; in 1525 the frontiers reached Rumichaca, a natural bridge over the Ancasmayo River, which now marks, more or less, the boundary between Ecuador and Colombia.
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  • When the Spaniards occupied Cajamarca they sent out an invitation for Atahualpa to visit them in the city,
  • During the colonial era that followed the Spanish conquest of Peru, many of the Inca state institutions were retained and adapted to fit the needs of the conquerors. Spanish rule was largely indirect: the colonial administrators and landowners transmitted their demands through local chieftains, or curacas, and did not directly interfere with the daily life of the Indian householder. Like the Incas, the Spanish practiced mass resettlement of villages, demanded a work-tax of the Indians, and maintained a separate class of servants and artisans. But Spanish demands for gold and produce were intolerably harsh, and the greed of the landowners and the corruption of the administrators provoked numerous Indian uprisings throughout the colonial period. Even today the Quechua Indian peasants of Peru and Bolivia speak Quechua and retain many elements from Inca days in their religion, their family life, and their agricultural techniques. See also Indians, American: The Central Andes.
  • Emily Healey on 02 May 13
     
    Incan empire
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