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Agnes Lidbrink Ekman

Soekarno Biography - 0 views

asianhistory.about.com/...-Indonesia-First-President.htm

history sukarno indonesia

shared by Agnes Lidbrink Ekman on 23 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • become polygamous
  • began to think about independence for the Dutch East Indies while he was in high school. During college, he read deeply on different political philosophies, including communism, capitalist democracy, and Islamism, developing his own syncretic ideology of Indonesian socialist self-sufficiency.
  • During college, he read deeply on different political philosophies, including communism, capitalist democracy, and Islamism, developing his own syncretic ideology of Indonesian socialist self-sufficiency.
  • ...67 more annotations...
  • Algameene Studieclub
  • In 1927, Sukarno and the other members of the Algameene Studieclub reorganized themselves as the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist independence party. Sukarno became the first leader of the PNI.
  • enlist Japanese help in overcoming Dutch colonialism
  • December of 1929, arrested Sukarno and the other members.
  • Partai Indonesia, favored a militant approach to revolution
  • series of impassioned political speeches against imperialism that attracted wide-spread attention.
  • four years in prison
  • press coverage of his speeches so impressed liberal factions
  • become very popular with the Indonesian people
  • Dutch colonial secret police soon learned of the PNI
  • PNI split into two opposing factions
  • while the Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI Baroe) advocated slow revolution through education and peaceful resistance
  • Sukarno agreed with the Partai Indonesia approach more than the PNI's, so he became the head of that party in 1932
  • In February 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the Dutch East Indies.
  • The Japanese commander, General Hitoshi Imamura, recruited Sukarno to lead the Indonesians under Japan's rule.
  • On August 18, at 10 am, Sukarno spoke to a crowd of 500 in front of his home, declaring the Republic of Indonesia independent, with himself as President and his friend Mohammad Hatta as Vice President. He also promulgated the 1945 Indonesian Constitution, which included the Pancasila.
  • regularly abused by the Japanese overseers, which quickly soured relations between the Indonesians and Japan
  • In June of 1945, Sukarno introduced his five-point Pancasila, or principles of an independent Indonesia
  • They included a belief in God but tolerance of all religions, internationalism and just humanity, the unity of all Indonesia, democracy through consensus, and social justice for all.
  • On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers.
  • On August 16, the impatient youth leaders kidnapped Sukarno, and then convinced him to declare independence the following day.
  • Japanese soon began to impress millions of Indonesian workers,
  • One month later, on September 19, 1945, Sukarno spoke to a crowd of more than one million at Merdeka Square in Jakarta. The new independence government controlled Java and Sumatra,
  • The Allies repatriated 70,000 Japanese, and formally returned the country to its status as a Dutch colony. Due to his status as a collaborator with the Japanese, Sukarno had to appoint an untainted Prime Minister, Sutan Sjahrir, and allow the election of a parliament as he pushed for international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.
  • Dutch colonial troops and officials began to return, arming the Dutch POWs formerly held captive by the Japanese, and going on shooting sprees against Indonesians. In November, the city of Surabaya broke out into an all out battle, in which thousands of Indonesians and 300 British troops died.
  • Sukarno decided to negotiate a settlement with the Dutch.
  • Sukarno agreed to the November 1946 Linggadjati Agreement, which gave his government control of Java, Sumatra and Madura only. However, in July of 1947, the Dutch violated the agreement and launched Operatie Product, an all-out invasion of the Republican-held islands.
  • The Dutch refused to withdraw from the areas already seized in Operatie Product, and the Indonesian nationalist government had to sign the Renville Agreement in January 1948, which recognized Dutch control of Java and of the best agricultural land in Sumatra. All over the islands, guerrilla groups not aligned with Sukarno's government sprang up to fight the Dutch.
  • needed more authority, and that Western-style democracy would never function well in volatile Indonesia
  • dual threat of a strong Indonesian guerrilla effort and international pressure
  • the Netherlands formally agreed to relinquish its claims to Indonesia.
  • Muslims, Hindus and Christians clashed, ethnic Chinese clashed with Indonesians, and Islamists fought with pro-atheist communists. In addition, the military was divided between Japanese-trained troops and former guerrilla fighters.
  • 1948, the Dutch launched another major invasion of Indonesia called Operatie Kraai. They arrested Sukarno, then-Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta, former PM-Sjahrir, and other Nationalist leaders.
  • 1956 he put forth his plan for "guided democracy," under which as president, Sukarno would lead the population to a consensus on national issues.
  • gave the president significantly broader powers.
  • military commanders in Sumatra and Sulawesi took power, ousting the Republican local governments. They demanded Hatta's reinstatement, and an end to communist influence over politics. Sukarno responded by installing as vice president Djuanda Kartawidjaja, who agreed with him on "guided democracy," and then declaring martial law on March 14, 1957.
  • tightened his grip on Indonesia
  • expelling 40,000 Dutch citizens and nationalizing all of their property, as well as that of Dutch-owned corporations such as the Royal Dutch Shell oil company.
  • instituted rules against ethnic-Chinese ownership of rural land and businesses, forcing many thousands of Chinese to move to the cities, and 100,000 to return to China.
  • add more communists to the government
  • Hatta resigned in opposition
  • created a new parliament in which he directly appointed half of the members.
  • military arrested and jailed members of the opposition Islamist and socialist parties
  • reinstating the 1945 constitution
  • shut down newspaper that had criticized Sukarno.
  • wouldn't be reliant solely on the military for support.
  • more than one assassination attempt
  • In 1963, Sukarno's hand-picked parliament appointed him president for life.
  • made his own speeches and writings mandatory subjects for all Indonesian students
  • all mass media in the country were required to report only on his ideology and actions
  • renamed the highest mountain in the country "Puntjak Sukarno," or Sukarno Peak,
  • began to seek out an alliance with Islamist leaders who also disliked the pro-atheism communists.
  • military resented the rapid growth of Communism,
  • Sukarno supported communist leader Aidit's call to arm the Indonesian peasantry
  • conflict between the military and communists increased
  • the ordinary people suffered enormously as hyperinflation spiked to 600%; Sukarno cared little about economics, and did nothing about the situation.
  • the pro-communist "30 September Movement" captured and killed six senior army generals.
  • acted to protect President Sukarno from an impending army coup.
  • General Suharto of the strategic reserve command took control of the army on October 2, having been promoted to the rank of Army Chief by a reluctant Sukarno
  • overcame the communist coup
  • Suharto and his Islamist allies then led a purge of communists and leftists in Indonesia, killing at least 500,000 people nation-wide, and imprisoning 1.5 million.
  • Sukarno sought to maintain his hold on power by appealing to the people over the radio in January of 1966
  • student demonstrations broke out,
  • Sukarno signed a Presidential Order known as the Supersemar that effectively handed control of the country over to General Suharto
  • signed the order at gun-point
  • immediately purged the government and army of Sukarno loyalists
  • impeachment proceedings against Sukarno on grounds of communism, economic negligence, and "moral degradation" - a reference to Sukarno's infamous womanizing
sofiemsmith

Brazil - The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54 - 0 views

countrystudies.us/16.htm

Vargas Brazil

shared by sofiemsmith on 26 Nov 15 - No Cached
  • new constitution in 1934 reorganized the political system by creating a legislature with both state and social-sector representatives. It contained some electoral reforms, including women's suffrage, a secret ballot, and special courts to supervise elections
  • 1930s, the civilian elites feared that Brazil would suffer a civil war similar to Spain's, and so for the first time in Brazilian history they supported a strong, unified military. The Estado Novo gave the army its long-held desire for control over the states' Military Police (Policia Militar) units. The elites of the old state
  • federal monopoly of military force escalated the power of the central government to levels previously unknown
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • All political parties were dissolved until 1944
  • Vargas years saw the reorganization of the armed forces, the economy, international trade, and foreign relations.
  • Estado Novo classified strikes as crimes
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