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In the article author describes the world trade between the countries - exports. Exports are one of the four components of GDP. In comparison to the 2011, the exports in 12 largest countries declined in 2012. Only US, China and Canada had an insignificant growth last year. Declining incomes are the main reason for low consumption, consumers keep purchasing less imports. Author also considers difference between exports in 2008 and 2012. German exports fell by three percent, while Indian exports were 50 percent higher. It is a huge difference, but if one remembers the reasons for changes in net exports from the chapter 14, it is not that serious. The last reason was the difference in inflation, i.e. "if inflation in the US were relatively higher than in Canada then US goods would be less competitive in Canada and may reduce the export revenues which the US earns from its exports to Canada. " Thus, looking at India and Germany this difference in growth is justified.

Here we have a great article about protectionism and export subsidies in China. Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies have the opposite effect of export tariffs because exporters get payment, which is a percentage or proportion of the value of exported. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies. If China continues with high export subsidies they will probably invite retaliatory actions by foreign governments what reduces the benefits that can be gained from international trade by all consumers and producers in all countries

The article does not talk about the whole aggregate demand, but rather focus on one component that contributes to aggregate demand. The article talks mainly about exports in Spain, contributing to its nation's economic growth. Spain's exports figures have increased despite the recession phase. The exports have broke a record of the least trade deficit since 1998. Exports increase to 222.6 billion euros in 2012 from 215.2 billion euros in 2011, which is the highest exports since 1971. Spain's trade deficit decreased 34% as imports fell 2.8%. This is due to changes in exchange rate and improvements in competitiveness. Apart from that, measures like labor law changes have improved investors' confidence.

Canada's economy seems to have taken a hit as housing, jobs and exports fell. First there was a 21,900 jobs loss in January plus a 58,000 decrease in Canadians looking for work. In addition, exports fell 2.1%, exports to the US alone dropped, 4 points and imports fell as well. Furthermore a 19% reduction in the housing industry topped Canada's misfortune these past 2 months. Many Canadians are questioning the actions of the conservative government as economic growth is slowing to a crawl.

I think that you have chosen a very nice and interesting article because it's related to our actual topics. Is a good example about the importance of the exchange rates in the exports. If a country's exchange rate becomes stronger, then this makes the country's exports relatively more expensive to foreigners. According to the law of demand, this will cause the quantity of exports to fall. Another think to highlight is the increase of the unemployment rate, this will probably decrease the consumption because However, if people expect economic conditions to worsen then they are likely to reduce their consumption today in order to save for the future. In brief i think that it's a great article to talk about the aggregated demand, macroeconomic and the monetary policies.

I find this article particularly interesting because i never knew that Canada was suffering so much from the recession. Since it states in the article that 21,900 jobs were lost means that the household cinsumption must be very low a resulting in a low agregate demand, and since the agregate demand is low firms gain less proffit and therefore have to cut costs which in this case would be workers.

The Nigerian Export Promotion Council plans to provide pre-shipment incentive grants to small and medium enterprises involving in non oil-exports to stimulate growth in these industries. The council aims to promote trade to where many Nigerians reside. Moreover, it aims to open offices in countries where Nigeria export to the most. The article shows the promotion of exports in Nigeria in order to help small and medium enterprises. This can then contribute to the level of economic growth in Nigeria. This policy focuses solely on small and medium businesses, therefore it should help lower to middle class entrepreneurs, ensuring equity.

Japan's trade deficit increases in October as increase in imports exceed increase in exports to the US and China. Over the past years, weakening yen has helped promote exports, but also increases the cost for imports. The increase in cost for imports, such as crude oil, helped widen trade deficit. This shows the relationship between the current account and the exchange rate. Japan is currently going through a balance trade of goods and services deficit. This results in downward pressure on the exchange rate of the currency as there is an increase in the supply of yen due to increase in imports.

This article focuses on the trade deficit of Japan. Japan's trade deficit nearly doubled in October, as growth in imports outpaced robust increases in exports to the U.S. and China, the Finance Ministry reported Wednesday. There are several factors that led to trade deficit. Firstly, the weakening of the yen over the past year had its significant impact on imports and exports. After meltdown of the nuclear power plant in 2011, Japan has faced loss of the generation capacity, therefore forcing Japan to import natural gas and oil. Overall, weakening in the Japanese yen over the past year has helped exports, but it has also increased the cost of imports.However, the exports are not as stable as they could be. Slowdown in economic growth of China has led to decrease in demand for Japanese exports.Overall the article talks about the details of the trade deficit of Japan.

This article talks about how the government is trying to Real GDP of the country by lowering the taxes on exporting oil prices. By doing this the governmnet has enevitably increased the Real GDP because siince the oil firms FOP cost less they can now supply more oil, also the price will rise from 42$ per barrel to 70$ per barrel meaning that the oil firms will even make more of a profit. Again since the taxes have decreased it will cause foreign investments in the oil industry of Argentina since they just discovered that Argentina is setting on one of the biggest oil deposits. so overall, the long term aggregate will shift to the right, an increase in the real GDp

Argentina has devised a new system of export taxes on oil shipments that will cut taxes, as the government seeks to encourage investments to revive production. The change means energy companies will receive $70 per barrel of exported oil, up from $42 previously. Argentina controls the price of oil exports in order to guarantee domestic supply. The reform means that the state will only retain the difference between the market prices, meaning increased revenue for oil companies that export crude. The long run aggregate supply is expected to shift the right, an increase in the real GDP.

This is a perfect example of how a currency's value can effect the economy. In this case the article states that the appreciation of the the pound or sterling could effect the hard earned growth of the economy due to there being an increase in exports when the stirling was at a low of $1.49 and now that the value of the stirling is rising it will cause the costs of importing countries to increase and therefore lead to less imports ultimatley leading to less led exports, in the case of Britain. "The higher pound is going to be an issue for some exporters," said Lee Hopley, chief economist at EEF, the manufacturers' organisation.

This article talks about the trade surplus of Germany. According to one German worker's statement, Germans work hard to make all their exports. However, the data shows that Germany makes as much exports as the US, but it imports much less. Therefore, Germany has faced a surplus, while the US has a trade deficit. It has been suggested that Germany should decrease their surplus, not through decrease of the exports, but through increase in imports. Increase in exports from other countries would lead to improvement of the economies of other countries like Spain, France, etc.

The fall of imports have reduced Lebanon's balance of payments deficit from $1,932.1 millions US dollars to $675.2 US dollars. Movement of imports and exports are the most significant variable affecting the balance of payments. The slowdown of Lebanon's economic activity results in lower imports and therefore lowering the deficits in the balance of payments. Imports to Lebanon is usually higher than its exports, but this had changed in 2013. Lebanon's exports of banking, educational and health services have increased. Deposit inflows had increased by 11 percent compared to last year. This article clearly relates to the Balance of Payments. Here, Lebanon's movement of goods in and out of its country pay a major role in determining the Balance of Payments. Obviously, these imports and exports are a part of the current account, which includes the balance of trade in goods (visible trade balance) and balance of trade in services (invisible balance). Lebanon sees an increase in services, which means that there could be an improve balance of trade in services.

Canada's trade deficit decreased for the past several months thanks to an increase in exports of energy products such as natural gas and bitumen. Furthermore, there have been increases in transportation equipment, mostly for aircraft exports. These increases in exports were met with decreases in imports as plastic/rubber products, chemical and aircrafts were lower. These factors allowed the Canadian trade deficit to decrease over these past few months.

This article talks about the negotiations between China and the EU. The concern of the two countries is about the Chinese exports of solar panels to the EU. The representatives of the EU consider the Chinese exports of solar panels as dumping, because of the lowered costs.To prevent the uncompetitiveness of other producers, the EU had to set tariffs of nearly 50 percent on Chinese solar panel shipments. That caused a discontentment from Chinese side, because the exports of solar panels is one of the largest categories of Chinese exports and worth about $27 billion a year.

In this article the author talks about the slow down in the economic growth of 16 leading emerging markets. Earlier compare to the Eurozone countries, UK and the US, the economic growth of those 16 countries was far higher. After this short period of stagnation, the world economists ask whether the growth, which depends a lot on exports, will increase or not. It weather will "wobble along, buffeted by worries in the developed world"; or temporary stop and then "bring back the days of the strong growth". Right now, the world economy is in the state of the recovery, in the past it went through the recession that started in 2008 and the trough. The fall in indicators mostly stopped, and the economic health very slowly continues to recover from the past.

"The index covers 16 leading emerging markets, including India, Brazil and China, which all saw their rate of growth fall. Rates of economic growth in these countries have been far higher than in developed nations, often coming in at about 10% a year." I think that the author is trying to say that Brazil in China have the highest rates of economic growth and not UK and the US. The exports in these two countries are very important; China is the country which more products export in the world. Their economic growth is slowing because of the recession in the other counties where the consumption has decrease and the people try to save money so the imports of products from China is not so high as it would be in a period of economic growth in all the world. I think that only in few countries the economy started to recover from the recession, in most of the economies are in stagnation. This suggest us the probably the worst part of the recession is behind us and the economies will start to recover, however these fluctuations in economic activity do not follow a mechanical or predictable periodic pattern so we can´t be sure when the recovery will start.

Slovakia will miss their budget target this year as the GDP Growth has slowed down. They have been hurt from slowing demand from their western peers because slovakia is a high exporting country. The expected growth has dropped to 0.9 from 1.4. This article shows us how important it is to have a balance import and export trade system with other nations. Due to the lack of demand in exports from the western part of the world, slovakia is struggling with economic growth.

Recently the European Union has imposed a tariff on U.S. ethanol on the account of dumping. Dumping in international markets occurs when a country exports a good or service at a price that is lower in the foreign market than the domestic market. With a duty of $83.20 per metric ton, this tariff will cost exports more than $930 million per year. Tension has been building as there is a strain in transatlantic trade due to this implementation of a protectionism technique.

Barack Obama is convening his advisory council on International trade as he outlines his agressive goals in doubling USA's exports. This fits into week 36's lesson quite nicely as we are learning about the Basics of International Trade and how it may be beneficial for nations. To double a country's exports would be very difficult but we will see how Obama does over the next year or so!

This is an article of interest because it hits on a variety of things that we have and are continuing to study: import tariffs, the WTO, global trading in general, and the effects that each nation's actions have on one another.

This article raises awerness of the potencial risks that protectionism polices, import tariffs in this case, might have on the economy. If the WTO talks fail and Ukraine increases import tariffs it could have huge consequences with its trading partners as the local firms of the trading partners will suffer heavy losses, potencially leading to that specific export sector closing, which in time would effect the economic growth of the exporting country/countries. That is why there always has to be a balance with protectionism policies, iit must both benefit the importer and exporter

This article is about the trade relation between China and USA and the manufacture and export of Barbie dolls. These dolls sold in the States for 9.99$ fetches each Chinese woman manufacturing them, only around 35c. This is a classic example of China exporting cheap labor. And this cheap export is causing the trade deficit between China and USA to increase even further, in favor of China. As China has cheap labor, it is much more economical to manufacture these dolls here than in USA. Consumers too would be against buying more expensive goods when there is a cheaper alternative. Thus China keeps providing cheap labor an USA keeps becoming more in debt.

LISBON: The Portuguese economy is set to contract by 2.3 per cent this year due to a sharp fall in domestic demand and disappointing export growth

This article basically talks about the decreasing growth of the Portuguese economy. It states that the Portuguese economy will contract by 2.3% this year due to a steep fall in aggregate demand and exports. This can only lead to negative consequences as the firms will start to sell less/produce less and therefore earn less of a profit or no profit at all. SO what these firms will start to do is cut costs of FOP which basically means lay off workers, raising unemloyment, further worsening the economy, because then the people laid off will buy less from other firms and the same process will occur over and over again untill you get to the economic situation of Greece.

This article explains how South Korea's export-driven economy picked up slightly in the final quarter of 2012 on private consumption, yet recovery will likely be delayed until global demand gathers momentum. Asia's fourth-largest economy increased by 0.4% from October-December which was better considering in September there was only a 0.1 % rise, the slowest growth in over three years. This was the seventh consecutive quarter with growth of less than 1%, the longest in more than four decades. South Korea's economy has been hit hard by the depressed global demand, as it had to rely on exports due to high consumer debt surpassing private consumption. The nation's economic growth rate has obviously been stunted with further government intervention needed.