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Implementation of Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research is critical One of the prime areas of clinical studies is regulatory aspects of clinical research. This applies in almost equal measure to medical research as a whole. The FDA and other regulatory bodies have spelt out a number of regulations that have to be complied with if the clinical research is to be approved. These regulatory requirements cover all aspects of clinical research. A look at some of these regulatory aspects would be instructive: FDA requirements on regulatory aspects of clinical research The FDA has an exhaustive list of regulations relating to Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the area which forms the backbone of regulatory aspects of clinical research. The FDA has a series of regulations that are aimed at bringing in discipline and process into clinical research. It implements all the laws relating to GCP passed by the American Congress. At present, there are a huge number of regulatory standards and requirements that have to be complied with by those undertaking clinical research in the US. These regulations are codified in the 21 CFR series. Notable sections of the 21 CFR series relating to regulatory aspects of clinical research include: 21 CFR Part 11 21 CFR Part 16 21 CFR Part 50 21 CFR Parts 50 and 56 21 CFR Part 54 21 CFR Part 58 21 CFR Part 312 21 CFR 312.120 21 CFR Part 314 21 CFR Part 320 21 CFR Part 511 21 CFR Part 514 21 CFR Part 601 21 CFR Part 812 21 CFR Part 814 EU requirements on regulatory aspects of clinical research In the EU, the core aspect of regulatory aspects of clinical research relates to the primary importance given to the subjects in a clinical research. For example, regulatory aspects of clinical research France are guided by the Public Health Code and Civil Code. This Code contains a list of regulatory conditions clinicians are obliged to adhere to. These regulations are to be monitored by a number of regulation enforcement bodies that the French governm

Course "Key Factors to Write an Effective Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and Work Instructions (WIs)" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: Writing SOPs or procedural documents can be challenging at times. However, writing SOPs is overall a straightforward process. However, enforcing what you already created and implemented in the pipeline is another story. The term SOP is very obvious. We have seen "clearly written description of how specific tasks are to be done." Another satisfactory definition would be "detailed written instructions that achieve the uniformity of the performance of a specific function." Is the firm doing what the regulations specify? Is the firm doing what their procedures specify? If you are medical device or a pharmaceutical manufacturer, these definitions come as no surprise because when it comes to FDA regulations and guidance documents "establish" means to define, to document (in writing or electronically) and to implement. The goal and emphasis with FDA is simple. Proof of "Establish" is the foundation. Is the firm doing what the regulations specify? Is the firm doing what their procedures specify? Are the procedures being followed and enforced by company personnel? SOPs are needed in regulated industries to give step-by-step instructions for performing a particular job or task. This session will provide a step-by-step overview and a snapshot of the procedure description, the process and format. The subject matter of a SOP may range from how to operate a piece of machinery to how to log into a particular software program. SOPs ensure consistency and reliability because they require training of all affected parties. This session will address recent enforcement actions for SOP related violations but no surprise. Most of our enforcement actions are documentation related, i.e., SOP or other procedural documents. We will review examples from

Course "Supplier Management for Medical Device Manufacturers" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: Supplier selection and management is one of the critical issues for medical device manufacturers. Suppliers provide materials and services to the device manufacturer, which means that they can be critical to performance and delivery of your device. Neither the FDA nor your notified body regulates your suppliers (with a few exceptions). They expect you to have an effective process to ensure your suppliers perform in the regulatory environment. How well do you understand the requirements for supplier management? Could you pass a regulatory audit or inspection without any issues? This course delivers the tools, templates, and methods to help participants implement an effective and efficient supplier management program. This two-day hands-on course provides a clear understanding of the underlying principles of supplier management. The course uses exercises to solidify understanding. In addition, the course uses FDA Warning Letters to illustrate the points and help you learn from others. As part of the practical implementation, the course includes receiving acceptance activities, outsourced processes, process validation at the suppliers' location, supplier auditing techniques, and supplier issues in management review. The course uses the Global Harmonization Task Force (GHTF) framework, but expands it to cover other issues and techniques important in effective implementation. Why should you attend: Since FDA regulations do not allow them to audit your suppliers unless they make finished medical devices, they require that you have sufficient control over them. But from time to time the FDA makes a reinterpretation of what this means. This happened within the last f 5 years, so if you supplier management program is older than that, you need to make major changes in you supp

Course "Effective and Efficient Internal and Supplier Quality System Auditing for Medical Devices" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: Do you want to understand how to do efficient and effective internal and supplier audits that meet all the requirements of your external auditors, but also add value to your company? Are you confused by all the requirements and guidance documents for medical device quality management systems and are tired of wading through all the regulatory language they contain. This course is for those who will do internal or supplier audits, manage an audit process for these or other company audits. This course will provide you with an easy to understand presentation on the auditing process as well as the requirements you will need to audit under ISO 13485 and the FDA Quality System Regulation (cGMP) Both FDA Quality System Regulation (QSR) and ISO 13485 require that companies do internal audits. However, because the FDA does not look at the content of internal audits, some companies do not get feedback on the true effectiveness of their internal audit system from the FDA during FDA Inspections. ISO 13485 auditors do look at internal audits, but are most concerned that you define a process that meets the requirements of the standard and are following your process. Both require that you define Auditor training is required, but this sometimes just requires reading the company's procedure, although most external auditors will look for more than this. Do you need to train new auditors for yours medical device quality management system or to audit your suppliers? Or do you need to improve the training of your internal and supplier auditors so that they add value to these audits? If you need to do either of these, this seminar will provide this training. In addition to auditing skills and hands-on auditing exercises, this seminar will provide an ove

Overview: Today's educated professionals function in a maze of different educational and training requirements, which vary from state to state and from profession to profession. Nowhere than in health care is this more evident where multidisciplinary health care practitioners work together towards a common goal for the patient. What is a profession? What areas of work require the unique professional education, training, and experience that becomes mandated by the state? What work requires professional judgment and skill so as to be regulated by the government through mandatory laws applicable to an individual person practicing his or her chosen profession? State laws are enacted for the protection of the public by legislatures in all the fifty states. A list of individual professions and their applicable statues and administrative regulations takes up entire volumes of lawbooks. These state laws impose significant regulation on these professionals, and often in very different ways found in many aspects of state regulation, from the educational process, the examination requirements, the state licensure applications, and the legal standards and rules of each unique profession. Explore how state licensure boards are created and function at the state level. While most such state agencies have common, core functions and operations, there are many differences - and some requirements that are truly the opposite from profession to profession. Review the common requirements the state imposes on the health care provider. Know the basics of professional education and licensure. Understand the difference between legally binding laws and mere codes of ethics, which are aspirational and do not form the basis for legal action. Find out how to understand and navigate the challenges presented from differing and conflicting state laws governing the many health care professions. Know where key requirements exist that are common to many professions. This program

Overview: Today's educated professionals function in a maze of different educational and training requirements, which vary from state to state and from profession to profession. Nowhere than in health care is this more evident where multidisciplinary health care practitioners work together towards a common goal for the patient. What is a profession? What areas of work require the unique professional education, training, and experience that becomes mandated by the state? What work requires professional judgment and skill so as to be regulated by the government through mandatory laws applicable to an individual person practicing his or her chosen profession? State laws are enacted for the protection of the public by legislatures in all the fifty states. A list of individual professions and their applicable statues and administrative regulations takes up entire volumes of lawbooks. These state laws impose significant regulation on these professionals, and often in very different ways found in many aspects of state regulation, from the educational process, the examination requirements, the state licensure applications, and the legal standards and rules of each unique profession. Explore how state licensure boards are created and function at the state level. While most such state agencies have common, core functions and operations, there are many differences - and some requirements that are truly the opposite from profession to profession. Review the common requirements the state imposes on the health care provider. Know the basics of professional education and licensure. Understand the difference between legally binding laws and mere codes of ethics, which are aspirational and do not form the basis for legal action. Find out how to understand and navigate the challenges presented from differing and conflicting state laws governing the many health care professions. Know where key requirements exist that are common to many professions. This program

Course "Marketing Products without Getting Hammered by FDA" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: With this seminar you will learn how to navigate FDA's legal requirements and its interpretations for enforcement purposes. The agency now applies the principles of cognitive psychology to aid in its determination of what a message really conveys. This becomes a new factor in trying to stay within FDA's legal corral. This conference will provide insight on how to manage your marketing activity and gauge what regulatory risks your business is willing to accept. You will learn how corporate management requires cooperation between marketing, regulatory affairs, legal counsel, manufacturing, engineering and finance departments. You will understand that a weak link in any department leaves the entire corporation vulnerable to FDA enforcement. Most importantly, you will understand the boundaries that FDA uses and how easy it is to cross them. With information from this course, you can step back and rationally evaluate your firm's regulatory profile for advertising and promotion. Why should you attend: If you go "off label" with advertising and promotion, you become embroiled in FDA's advertising and promotion requirements. For devices, the law is weak and lacks legal clarity. For drugs, FDA's law and regulations are extensive and have violated Constitutional protections. Depending on your point of FDA's promotion and advertising requirements can help you or hurt you? There is an inherent conflict in interests. In any case, you need to identify practical criteria to make marketing decisions. That begs the question of whether or not marketing managers and regulatory affairs managers will even try to agree on an issue. FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) has never issued a comprehensive guidance on advertising and promotion. You are on your own. CDER has esta

Overview: During the webinar Participants will be addresses on the key regulatory provisions for cosmetic products in the major global economies. The EU's new Cosmetic Product Regulation (EU CPR) will be given a certain, wider position as the EU CPR is representing the latest, most modern regulatory framework which is influencing other global legislators. For the regulations of the USA, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, ASEAN, India, Brazil, Mercosul/Mercosur and Russia, a general introduction into the key provisions will be given. Some specific difficulties arising from the existing discrepancies in the global frameworks will be depicted. Areas Covered in the Session: The new EU Cosmetics Regulation Basis principles and provisions Experiences and obstacles from the implementation phase Options for compliance approaches and available supporting tools Remaining issues and future perspectives and activities Cosmetics Regulations in Asia China & Hong Kong South Korea Japan Taiwan The ASEAN Cosmetics Directive India Russia Cosmetics Regulation in the Americas - Existing Global Discrepancies and International Harmonization Attempts USA Canada Mercosur / Mercosul South Africa Existing Global Discrepancies Harmonization Attempts The Intern. Cooperation on Cosmetic Regulation (ICCR) Who Will Benefit: Business Owners Managers in manufacturing New staff in manufacturing QA Administrative Managers Regulatory Compliance Associates Customer Service Speaker Profile Dr. Annelie Struessmann is Technical Director with CONUSBAT, a provider of internationalization services for the Fine Chemicals, Cosmetics & Life Sciences Industries: www.conusbat.com. She joined the firm in 2003 and established the service area of regulatory affairs where she is focusing on the European regulatory frameworks for cosmetic products and for chemicals (REACH). The service spectrum includes dossier preparation, safety assessments, registrations, notifications and direct representations, etc. S

Course "Verification vs. Validation - Product Process Software and QMS" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: This course will review the company Master Validation Plan for major key inputs and CGMP deficiencies. It will address the FDA's newer and tougher regulatory stance. This course's aim is to prove "Product Risk Based V&V" by sufficient, targeted and documented risk-based V&V test case elements/scripts. It will teach participants to evaluate its elements against ISO 14971 and ICH Q9 for hazard analysis and product risk management. This course will evaluate different field-tested, U.S. FDA-reviewed V&V protocols; how to employ equipment/process Requirements Specs / DQs, IQs, OQs, and PQs, or their equivalents per ASTM E2500, all against a background of limited company resources. It will review a matrix that simplifies "as-product", in-product", process and equipment, et al, software VT&V, to assure key FDA requirements are not overlooked. While considering the QMS and 21 CFR Part 11; this course will make practical application of these same in two hands-on sessions. Why you should attend: This session helps participants: * Understand Verification and Validation, differences and how they work together; * Discuss recent regulatory expectations; * Know how to document a "risk-based" rationale, and use it in a resource-constrained environment; * Determine key "milestones" and "tasks" in a project; * Locate and document key subject "inputs"; * Compile "generic" Master and Individual Validation Plans; * Learn the key element of a Product V&V File/Protocol; * Understand how to develop Process and/or Production/Test Equipment V&V Files/Protocols; * Get a grasp of basic Test Case construction; * Understand sample sizes and their justification; * Learn the key elements of Software V&V expected by the FDA and how to document; * Deal with hardwa

Overview: Today's health care delivery occurs in a diverse, fast-changing, multidisciplinary health care environment. This often presents challenges to the health care professional that are not easy to navigate. Medical records and their confidentiality have long been the exclusive province of state law, but has now been recognized for some time in the federal HIPAA statutes and federal regulations. Differing and even conflicting sources of requirements at the state level still exist for the retention and disposition of medical records. These sources may vary based upon the specific health care practitioner - whether physicians, dentists, psychologists, or other health care providers, including mental health practitioners. As to the specific, individual health care practitioner, state laws mandate their confidentiality, retention, and even their specific content with regards to patient, clinical records. In addition to these clinical requirements, additional state laws set forth the content and retention of other types of records kept by the professional, such as supervisory agreements with other professionals subordinate to them as well as their own unique record content requirements. With the majority of medical records moving to an electronic format, special rules now exist with regard to the confidentiality, security, retention, and disposition of electronic medical records. This is particularly important as state laws continue to allow for and regulate the provision of telemedicine by various health care practitioners. For example, while psychotherapy and mental health services are ideal treatments to offer over the internet, that is, by simultaneous audio-visual transmission between the doctor and the patient, the risks of breaches of confidentiality also vastly increase. And when the successful doctor-patient relationship is over, how does the health care practitioner providing a mental health service dispose of these electronic records? In addition to

Overview: Today's health care delivery occurs in a diverse, fast-changing, multidisciplinary health care environment. This often presents challenges to the health care professional that are not easy to navigate. Medical records and their confidentiality have long been the exclusive province of state law, but has now been recognized for some time in the federal HIPAA statutes and federal regulations. Differing and even conflicting sources of requirements at the state level still exist for the retention and disposition of medical records. These sources may vary based upon the specific health care practitioner - whether physicians, dentists, psychologists, or other health care providers, including mental health practitioners. As to the specific, individual health care practitioner, state laws mandate their confidentiality, retention, and even their specific content with regards to patient, clinical records. In addition to these clinical requirements, additional state laws set forth the content and retention of other types of records kept by the professional, such as supervisory agreements with other professionals subordinate to them as well as their own unique record content requirements. With the majority of medical records moving to an electronic format, special rules now exist with regard to the confidentiality, security, retention, and disposition of electronic medical records. This is particularly important as state laws continue to allow for and regulate the provision of telemedicine by various health care practitioners. For example, while psychotherapy and mental health services are ideal treatments to offer over the internet, that is, by simultaneous audio-visual transmission between the doctor and the patient, the risks of breaches of confidentiality also vastly increase. And when the successful doctor-patient relationship is over, how does the health care practitioner providing a mental health service dispose of these electronic records? In addit

Course "Internal Auditing for the Medical Device Industry" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: This course provides an overview of internal auditing requirements and techniques for medical device companies as a method for risk management and quality improvement. The course will cover auditing requirements, audit planning, preparation, knowledge, auditor skills, interviews, documents and records review, objective evidence, audit report writing and corrective action. Why should you attend: Attendees should attend this seminar for risk management and improvement purposes to identify weaknesses, problems, compliance risks, and improvement opportunities. Who Will Benefit: * Quality Manager * Quality Associate * Quality Engineer * Quality Technician * Regulatory Associate Agenda: Day One Lecture 1: Overview of an auditing program, principles of quality management systems and how they related to auditing, benefits of auditing, and what is auditing. Lecture 2: Types of audits, auditor qualifications, ethics, responsibilities, audit phases, audit planning, and scheduling. Lecture 3: Conducting audits, interview techniques, objective evidence, data collection, tracing, use of checklists, and reviewing documents and records. Lecture 4: Conducting process audits, running closing meetings, audit report writing, corrective actions, and improvement Day Two Lecture 1: Overview to auditing to ISO 13485 and FDA QSR. Global differences which affect auditing approaches, auditing document control and record keeping, management responsibility, and resource management. Lecture 2: Auditing order handling, design control, purchasing, and supplier controls. Lecture 3: Auditing production, validation, and preservation. inspection and testing, control of test equipment, customer property, and sterilization Lecture 4: Auditing customer feedback, internal auditing programs, complaint

Course "Fundamentals of Statistical Process Control: Implementation and Assurance of SPC" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: This 2-day seminar provides the information you need to use one of the most powerful tools in quality, statistical process control. It will help people in design, quality, and production understand the concepts and effectively implement them. The examples and issues in the seminar come primarily from the medical device industry, but the material is applicable to any production environment. Production process must be controlled to help ensure they are stable. While there are many control methods, the most powerful and often used is statistical process control, SPC. It uses data from the process itself to detect changes - changes that could result from an unstable process. SPC helps determine if a process continues to operate the way it was set up. If not, SPC produces a signal that calls attention to the problem. One very important application is process capability analysis. With a stable process, SPC data can help determine if the process is capable of meeting the product specifications. These are often expressed as process capability indices. Continuous improvement programs can use the information generated by SPC to monitor process variation and identify its causes. These methods can reduce cost, improve product, and enhance customer satisfaction. Why should you attend: Manufacturing companies, especially medical device manufacturers, must control process. Not only is this a regulatory requirement, but is a good business practice. Without a solid understanding of SPC, you put yourself and your company at a disadvantage. On a personal basis, the material in this seminar will help improve your skills; it aligns with the ASQ Body of Knowledge for the Certified Quality Engineer, Green Belt, and Black Belt. These are areas you should master

Overview: Health care practitioners and other licensed professionals work in today's diverse, fast-changing, multidisciplinary environment. All licensed professions have higher rates of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and mental health issues. Yet each individual profession has a unique, though similar, state laws which govern how state licensing agencies take action against the professional so as to protect the public. The state's authority and power over licensed professionals often presents challenges to the impaired practitioner that are not easy to navigate. All licensed professionals must adhere to standards of state law which govern their professional practices and include prohibitions for impaired practice - even impairment along that is apart from any direct professional harm. Complaints that are received and investigated by a state agency leave the licensed professional with an uncertain process to handle the state action against them. Coupled with numerous related consequences, such as loss of employment, family issues and divorce, and criminal actions, the licensed professional must handle all these challenges successfully. Learn to identify and understand varying state laws that apply to allow disciplinary action against the licensed professional, both immediately and temporarily, and those which are permanent and final. Review the most common successful elements of the rehabilitation of the licensed professional faced with the deadly consequences of addiction. Compare and contrast regulatory laws and due process requirements for state action. This allows the licensed professional to avoid career-ending sanctions and to defend successfully against legal actions which may result in ruinous practice and career consequences for the professional. This program offers an objective, thorough review of laws which apply to the impaired licensed professional. Why should you attend: Health care practitioners are faced with a higher lifetime risk of drug abuse,

Scientific Regulatory writing is a complex process due to its dossier size, data complexity, and submission deadlines and it requires specialized domain-specific knowledge, understanding of drug development process, pharmacology, statistical and writing skills to develop superior regulatory documents as per the exact requirements of the regulatory authority. Besides, the scientific writer must be familiar with technical guidelines prevailing in countries like European Union (EU), USA, Japan that includes ICH E3 to write clinical study reports, periodic safety reports (ICH E2C), publication guidelines (e.g. CONSORT, STROBE, PRISMA), the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines for manuscripts.

Pepgra offers global regulatory and clinical writing services. The team delivers clinical study protocols and findings with precision. Reports are scientifically accurate, culturally sensitive, and meticulously compliant with regulations and statutory bodies. Contact us at : IND:+91 8754446690 US:+1-972-502-9262 UK:+44-1143520021 info@pepgra.com http://pepgra.com/what-we-do/global-regulatory-clinical-writing-services/

Overview: The trial master file is a hard copy of all documentation relating to a clinical trial. It contains essential documents. When studies are conducted under ICH E6 Good Clinical Practices (GCP), this collection of documents must be present before, during and after the trial. These documents help provide quality assurance and help researchers evaluate their compliance with GCP, federal regulations and applicable laws. Why should you Attend: Anyone responsible for handling trial documentation or quality assurance activities. Areas Covered in the Session: Trial Master File (TMF): what is it? Essential documents required ICH guidelines and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance and expectations Paper or electronic trial master files - what is allowable Links to useful resources Who Will Benefit: This webinar will provide valuable assistance to all personnel in: Human Subjects Research Healthcare interested in exploring the field of Clinical Research New Clinical Research Coordinator positions (1-2 years) New Principal Investigator positions Administration in charge of Clinical Research Regulatory Compliance Speaker Profile Sarah Fowler-Dixon is Education Specialist and instructor with Washington University School of Medicine. She has developed a comprehensive education program for human subject research which has served as a model for other institutions. She crafted budgets, policies, procedures, reporting, and training for the new program. She has initiated the planning, development, authorship and implementation of many human subjects research policies, practices, guidelines, submission and reviewer forms often working with state and federal authorities. She has provided consultation regarding ethical, federal, state, and institutional requirements for faculty and staff both in the design and execution of their projects and teaches research ethics and regulatory affairs and the fundamentals of research manageme

Overview: FDA 7348.811 section 1 states, "Regardless of the type of system used by the clinical site, the regulatory requirements for clinical data do not change whether clinical data are captured on paper, electronically, or using a hybrid system." What type of system is best for your program and investigator capabilities? The wrong choice yields inspectional non compliance. The right choice of electronic data capture, direct data entry, and data management depends on a sponsor assessment of the systems and procedures at the investigator site as compliant with FDA inspectional requirements. Additional source documentation procedures (origination, authorization, and signature) are required at the investigator site to address the electronic data capture process. It is these three FDA mandated inspectional criteria, applicable to every electronic data element, that generate most of the significant inspectional noncompliant findings. Some data elements are more likely to be associated with the findings of noncompliance than others. It is in fact difficult to determine which data requires or does not require original source documentation and what defines "original source documentation". Why should you attend: Investigators commonly assume that the new guidance and regulations reduce the need for source documentation in clinical trials. In fact, there are new procedural documents relevant to the electronic source documents and direct data entry that are required to comply with the current inspectional standards and the final guidance. Sponsor due diligence in choosing, training, and monitoring investigator sites to enable the use of compliant electronic data capture is required. Basic knowledge of part 11 and GCP requirements will be helpful in attending this advanced webinar. The focus will be on the additional FDA inspectional requirements for electronic data capture, and the impact of using electronic data capture on the seven FDA inspectional priority objectives

Quality Assurance in Nursing Healthcare: Quality assurance in nursing is about assuring quality in nursing by ensuring that practices are compliant with quality standards. This is a full-fledged profession with its own educational and experience requirements. Quality assurance in nursing has to be understood from the standpoint of quality assurance and compliance. Quality assurance in nursing is about ensuring adherence to quality standards as mandated by nursing regulatory bodies. Quality assurance in nursing assesses what healthcare processes are in place and what else needs to be implemented to better the system. Where do quality assurance nurses work? Professionals who make a career out of quality assurance in nursing are employed in various healthcare settings. They could work in clinics or small or large hospitals. Professionals who make a career in quality assurance in nursing are licensed registered nurses. Since they are registered nurses, they should also obtain a licentiate. To get this, they should complete a prerequisite approved nursing program. The exam for getting licensure is the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), a computer-based examination. A higher level of education for those in quality assurance in nursing is a master's degrees inhealth care quality or a near degree. In some healthcare organizations, this is required at entry level. Some of the works they do in maintaining quality assurance in nursing include: Reviewing reports or files to make sure that activities contained in them are following regulatory clinical standards Collaborating with colleagues from other departments to which nursing is related either directly or indirectly Interacting with other hospitals or organizations, if the need arises For professionals pursuing a career in quality assurance in nursing, the ability to analyze data and manage cases is a must, as a major part of their work involves these. They should also be prompt abou

What is Corporate Governance? In a broad sense, corporate governance can be defined as a set of processes by which corporations are run and administered. These are a collective function of the critical, core decision makers in the organization, such as Directors, CEO, managers, investors, stakeholders, shareholders, creditors, auditors and others. Corporate Governance sets out the methods and rules for making rules that govern corporate entities. Although business is the main concern and task of an organization, Corporate Governance occupies as important a position, because while the financial aspect of a business is all about profits, the Corporate Governance aspect is primarily about its integrity, values and reputation. Corporate Governance takes into consideration all aspects of the governance of the organization from critical standpoints such as ethics, regulatory aspects, policies and mission, etc. History of the growth of Corporate Governance Although Corporate Governance has been around for a number of decades in some or another form, it came to acquire proper shape and direction of late, following the collapse of very big multinationals such as Enron, WorldCom and others. It was felt that their shady dealings, which led to huge losses for their stakeholders and eventually to the businesses collapse, could have been averted if a proper regulatory framework of Corporate Governance were in place. This is the feeling that led to the passing of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, or SOX in the early 2000's. One of the core principles enunciated in SOX related to Corporate Governance. Elements of Corporate Governance As a result of the SOX Act and other legislations in other developed countries, such as the Cadbury Report of the UK and other legislations in the OECD nations; Corporate Governance is now administered through a well-defined set of principles. As a result of these legislations, Corporate Governance is now concerned with the following: Problems areas of Co

Overview: Today's educated professionals function in a maze of different educational and training requirements, which vary from state to state and from profession to profession. Nowhere than in health care is this more evident where multidisciplinary health care practitioners work together towards a common goal for the patient. What is a profession? What areas of work require the unique professional education, training, and experience that becomes mandated by the state? What work requires professional judgment and skill so as to be regulated by the government through mandatory laws applicable to an individual person practicing his or her chosen profession? State laws are enacted for the protection of the public by legislatures in all the fifty states. A list of individual professions and their applicable statues and administrative regulations takes up entire volumes of lawbooks. These state laws impose significant regulation on these professionals, and often in very different ways found in many aspects of state regulation, from the educational process, the examination requirements, the state licensure applications, and the legal standards and rules of each unique profession. Explore how state licensure boards are created and function at the state level. While most such state agencies have common, core functions and operations, there are many differences - and some requirements that are truly the opposite from profession to profession. Review the common requirements the state imposes on the health care provider. Know the basics of professional education and licensure. Understand the difference between legally binding laws and mere codes of ethics, which are aspirational and do not form the basis for legal action. Find out how to understand and navigate the challenges presented from differing and conflicting state laws governing the many health care professions. Know where key requirements exist that are common to many professions. This program offers an obje