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Implementation of Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research is critical One of the prime areas of clinical studies is regulatory aspects of clinical research. This applies in almost equal measure to medical research as a whole. The FDA and other regulatory bodies have spelt out a number of regulations that have to be complied with if the clinical research is to be approved. These regulatory requirements cover all aspects of clinical research. A look at some of these regulatory aspects would be instructive: FDA requirements on regulatory aspects of clinical research The FDA has an exhaustive list of regulations relating to Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the area which forms the backbone of regulatory aspects of clinical research. The FDA has a series of regulations that are aimed at bringing in discipline and process into clinical research. It implements all the laws relating to GCP passed by the American Congress. At present, there are a huge number of regulatory standards and requirements that have to be complied with by those undertaking clinical research in the US. These regulations are codified in the 21 CFR series. Notable sections of the 21 CFR series relating to regulatory aspects of clinical research include: 21 CFR Part 11 21 CFR Part 16 21 CFR Part 50 21 CFR Parts 50 and 56 21 CFR Part 54 21 CFR Part 58 21 CFR Part 312 21 CFR 312.120 21 CFR Part 314 21 CFR Part 320 21 CFR Part 511 21 CFR Part 514 21 CFR Part 601 21 CFR Part 812 21 CFR Part 814 EU requirements on regulatory aspects of clinical research In the EU, the core aspect of regulatory aspects of clinical research relates to the primary importance given to the subjects in a clinical research. For example, regulatory aspects of clinical research France are guided by the Public Health Code and Civil Code. This Code contains a list of regulatory conditions clinicians are obliged to adhere to. These regulations are to be monitored by a number of regulation enforcement bodies that the French governm

Overview: Mental health care practitioners work in today's diverse, fast-changing, multidisciplinary health care environment. Nowhere but in mental health is there such diversity of clinicians who provide the same or similar services of counseling and therapy. A potential client has a wide choice of mental health providers from whom to choose. Yet each individual mental health profession has a unique education, training, and experience requirement for practice. While similarities exist, requirements differ from state to state and even from profession to profession with a single state. What are these requirements and how do they apply? The state's authority and power over mental health practitioners often presents challenges to these mental health professionals that are not easy to navigate. Differing sources of legal and ethical authority govern each respective health care practitioner in ways that are similar but not the same. Ethics and law are similar, but not the same. All mental health practitioners must adhere to standards of state law which govern their professional practices, including the very core of the doctor-patient relationship. Codes of ethics and state law may both apply to govern the conduct of this clinician. Even some state laws are referred to as ethical codes. Complaints as to alleged misconduct or ethical failings are received and investigated by a state agency and leave the mental health practitioner with an uncertain process to handle and to defend the state action against them. With this background, this seminar empowers the full understanding and application of ethics and laws for mental health practitioners. Learn to identify and understand an ethical framework for a sound mental health practice. An ethical framework is essential to having the right perspective to examine mental health dilemmas. Compare and contrast regulatory laws and codes of ethics to understand their differing applicability. Know the difference between laws and ethics,

Course "Verification vs. Validation - Product Process Software and QMS" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: This course will review the company Master Validation Plan for major key inputs and CGMP deficiencies. It will address the FDA's newer and tougher regulatory stance. This course's aim is to prove "Product Risk Based V&V" by sufficient, targeted and documented risk-based V&V test case elements/scripts. It will teach participants to evaluate its elements against ISO 14971 and ICH Q9 for hazard analysis and product risk management. This course will evaluate different field-tested, U.S. FDA-reviewed V&V protocols; how to employ equipment/process Requirements Specs / DQs, IQs, OQs, and PQs, or their equivalents per ASTM E2500, all against a background of limited company resources. It will review a matrix that simplifies "as-product", in-product", process and equipment, et al, software VT&V, to assure key FDA requirements are not overlooked. While considering the QMS and 21 CFR Part 11; this course will make practical application of these same in two hands-on sessions. Why you should attend: This session helps participants: * Understand Verification and Validation, differences and how they work together; * Discuss recent regulatory expectations; * Know how to document a "risk-based" rationale, and use it in a resource-constrained environment; * Determine key "milestones" and "tasks" in a project; * Locate and document key subject "inputs"; * Compile "generic" Master and Individual Validation Plans; * Learn the key element of a Product V&V File/Protocol; * Understand how to develop Process and/or Production/Test Equipment V&V Files/Protocols; * Get a grasp of basic Test Case construction; * Understand sample sizes and their justification; * Learn the key elements of Software V&V expected by the FDA and how to document; * Deal with hardwa

Seminar on Analytical Instrument Qualification and Validation: Understanding to Prepare for FDA Audits to become Part 11 Compliant at Boston, MA Course "Analytical Instrument Qualification and Validation: Understanding to Prepare for FDA Audits to become Part 11 Compliant" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: In this two day workshop conference you will learn the different global agencies expectations of analytical equipment qualification along with the development of a sound process validation program in order to develop and implement bulletproof solutions that are accepted, effective, and efficient. Through case study analysis we will examine best practices to provide thoughts and ideas to develop or improve the performance of your current system. Additionally, case studies will explore how your management practices of your analytical equipment qualification/ validation and process validation programs can help or hurt your legal liability and the legal issues that arise from nonconformance with regulators and Auditors. This seminar will help attendees understand the instrument qualification and system validation processes and will provide instruction on how to prepare for FDA audits and how to become part 11 compliant. Why should you attend? The cost of non-compliance is therefore more than that of compliance. Are you in compliance with the FDA regulations for analytical equipment qualification and validation in your facility? Areas Covered in the Session: * Learn about the regulatory background and requirements for laboratory instrument qualification and system validation * Understand the logic and principles of instrument qualification and system validation from validation planning reporting * Understand and be able to explain your company's qualification and validation strategies * Be able to independently prepare execute test protocols, this includes s

OSHA's Standards on Fire Protection in the Workplace : When it comes to Fire Protection in the Workplace; there are several guidelines to be followed. One could go by common sense, but it is not usually sufficient, which is why OSHA has standards relating to Fire Protection in the Workplace. Like it does for all its safety requirements; OSHA requires the employer to take obligatory steps for the protection of employees from fire. These are covered in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910 Subparts E and L; and Part 1926 Subparts C and F. Employer obligations are the core of Fire Protection in the Workplace Requiring employers to carry out roles during a fire emergency and training employees towards the same are the foundation of OSHA standards on Fire Protection in the Workplace. Training employees on OSHA's standards on Fire Protection in the Workplace entails training them on all the core areas of handling a fire: The ways of using fire exits The ways of using fire extinguishing equipment The ways by which to organize an emergency exit plan The ways of using fire exits: Fire Protection in the Workplace on fire exits involves having to put in place a well-designed exit route for employees, so that they escape during a fire easily. These should be done keeping in mind the structure of the building. Keeping the exit route free of obstacles is another important requirement of OSHA's standards on Fire Protection in the Workplace. The ways of using fire extinguishing equipment: Having portable fire extinguishing equipment is not mandatory for OSHA, but employees must be properly trained on their use, should an employer have one. These equipment have to be placed at a convenient location for everyone to access easily. The ways by which to organize an emergency exit plan: An emergency exit plan is required as part of Fire Protection in the Workplace for some kinds of employers. It is for those whose activity involves the heavy use of hazardous chemica

Overview: The connection between the Body, its physiology and particularly biochemistry, have been linked to the mind with particular emphasis upon emotions and stress. This can be easily substantiated in common everyday situations. Anyone who has observed a facial red flush triggered by some sort of embarrassment can attest to the foregoing connection. The emotions and stress play a key role in many if not all diseases and disorders: due to the vastness of the subject, we will focus on the application of the mind/body connection(MBC) to skin. This serves as an introduction to the field of psych dermatology which, although still in its infancy in the USA, is expanding as evidence with regard to the psychological component related to the etiology of skin diseases continues to grow. Concurrently, the field of Alternative techniques IN mind/body treatments continue to grow in leaps and bounds providing effective methods for integration with conventional cosmetic and dermaceutical treatment. This provides a dual complimentary pathway both for prevention and treatment of any/most skin disorders. Expanding on this model, we have already shown how the mind influences the body as per the above example. This general proposition can be extended to include specific skin disorders such as acne rosacea psoriasis eczema and atopic dermatitis to name a few. We will concentrate on Acne for the sake of this discussion. First, focusing on the B component of the BMC model, the primary lesion associated with acne is the formation microcomodones, which are small enough to proceed undetected until larger comodones appear later in the cycle. The latter cycle is initiated by peroxidation of squalene and unsaturated fatty acids present in human sebum. This leads to the foregoing lesions and pro- inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and interleukins followed by an increase of p.acnes on the epithelial cell wall together with increased film formation of the p.acnes is the same area This

HIPAA Survival Guide: The HIPAA Survival Guide is a set of practical help guides that seek to make compliance with HIPAA and HITECH easy for providers. This kit is some kind of checklist on what to keep in mind and implement to survive a HIPAA audit. The HIPAA Survival Guide was created as a need to comply with the HIPAA audit requirements. It evolved as a response to simplifying the HIPAA Privacy Rule and HIPAA Security Rule without its legal complexity. In other words, the framers of this Guide have developed this concept strictly as a guide, rather than as a legally enforceable set of rules. "Forest from the trees" approach: The HIPAA Survival Guide came into being in order to help users understand HIPAA and HITECH better. The approach the developers of this Guide adapted was what was called the "forest from the trees" way, because the aim was to help users navigate and wade through the complex text. It was aimed at helping them chaff and finesse the parts that required their compliance into simple terms. HIPAA Survival Guide is thus not a strict, legislative Act that lays down rules for conformity. No wonder, it was developed by the joint efforts of a Registered Nurse and an Attorney, who wanted to facilitate a greater understanding of the legislation's audit requirements. The basis on which this Guide came into existence was the HIPAA and HITECH background. It concerns itself with only the part of HIPAA and HITECH relating to a part of Covered Entities, namely providers. This is deliberate, since the aim of this Guide is to help small providers with guidelines aimed at simplifying their task. Important steps for HIPAA survival: The fundamental goal of the HIPAA Survival Guide is to equip providers with the knowledge of what needs to be kept in order and fine-tuned if they have to meet regulatory requirements. These are the thumb rules for the HIPAA Survival Guide: Documenting the provider's privacy, security and breach policies and revie

Who doesn't want to look perfect? And if you don't have it naturally, take the help of your doctor. Going under the knife was once considered a taboo. There was always a hush-hush talk about it. But things have changed and so has the mindset, people are now more comfortable in accepting their flaws and making the necessary correction. Cosmetic surgery is a voluntary medical procedure that is performed on usual body parts with the sole purpose of correction or removing any signs of aging. Cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is a slight alteration of a body part which one is unhappy about.

Understanding Medical Identity Theft and ways of preventing it Medical Identity Theft is a common phenomenon in today's situation, where most health records are digitized. Although a lot of precaution goes into the security and protection of these records, Medical Identity Theft is a cause for worry. medicalIdentityTheft The most common types of data that are stolen are Social Security Number (SSN), name and the Medicare number, the most potent tools with which to impersonate and manipulate data. Why do crooks steal medical data? Medical Identity Theft happens mainly because hackers and mischief-makers access protected data to lay hands on confidential information about patients, using which they obtain medical care on behalf of the person/s whose records they steal or purchase expensive medicines. In many cases, a Medical Identity Theft is detected only after one gets a bill for a purchase or service that was never made. medicalIdentityTheft Medical Identity Theft is also committed to buy drugs and obtain fake bills that are then submitted to Medicare in the name of the original holder of the medical record. These acts can significantly dent a person's credit rating. More importantly, when wrong information or fictitious diagnosis is made into the medical record, it can lead to dangerous consequences. Ways of protection of medical data The Office of the Inspector General (OIG), which comes under Health and Human Services (HHS), realizing the gravity of the problem of Medical Identity Theft, has formulated the "3D" approach to protect medical data and prevent Medical Identity Theft. These are: Deter: One of the ways of protecting medical data is to prevent Medical Identity Theft. Users should be cautious about parting with information to anyone who claims, over phone, to have a new scheme whose enrolment requires the Social Security Number. Detect:Many fraudsters accost people at accessible public places to announce supposedly "new" medical schemes. Governm

Health Insurance Market Reforms under Obamacare: The Patient Protection and Affordable Act (PPACA), or Obamacare, sets out a number of provisions for health insurance market reforms. Having been set in motion in March 2010; the PPACA sets out health insurance market reforms that are being implemented in stages from dates commencing generally from January 1, 2014. PPACA's health insurance market reforms are aimed at health insurance standards and group health plans. These reforms set out dates for the implementation of these reforms. They also prescribe penalties for noncompliance with these reforms. What kinds of market reforms are needed? The health insurance market reforms suggested by PPACA are almost singularly for group health plans. A group health plan is defined as one in which the employer makes a contribution into expenses accruing from the employee's health insurance plans. When an employer chooses to bring an employee's health plan under her coverage; the employer has to mandatorily comply with the provisions of the health insurance market reforms. Areas of the health insurance market reforms: These are the essential areas in which the health insurance market reforms are to be applied: Removal of lifetime and annual limits on essential health benefits: One of the primary provisions of the health insurance market reforms under PPACA is that it prohibits both lifetime and annual limits on essential health benefits, which were allowed some dollar limits prior to enactment of Obamacare. Preventive health services: An area of preventive health services that has undergone an amendment under the health insurance market reforms is that of no-cost sharing. Accordingly, employer plans are to offer preventive health services without requiring the employee to share the burden for this part of the plan. The three-month waiting period: The health insurance market reforms don't require a waiting period of over 90 days. A waiting period is the period that has

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 All clinical laboratory testing done on humans in the US, save those done for basic research and clinical trials, have to comply with the provisions of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, a set of federal amendments carried out in 1988 set out federal standards for carrying out clinical laboratory testing. A clinical laboratory is, according to the CLIA, a facility in which laboratory testing is done on samples procured from humans. This testing is done with the aim of obtaining information with the intention of evaluating health, using which clinicians diagnose, prevent, or treat disease. Having defined a clinical laboratory thus, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments set out the regulatory guidelines on which clinical trials are to be administered. The fundamental aim of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments is to ensure accuracy, efficacy, safety, reliability and efficiency of clinical trials. The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments seek to do this by setting aside grades for a range of criteria that relate to these aspects of the clinical trial. These grades are given from a score of 1, meaning the lowest, to 3, the highest, to assess as many as seven criteria of a particular clinical trial. These seven criteria are: Knowledge Materials used in proficiency, quality control, and calibration of materials Features of operational steps Experience and training Troubleshooting of test system troubleshooting and maintenance of equipment Preparation of reagents and other materials Interpreting and judging the results of the tests Points to be borne in mind for enforcing provisions of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments Provisions set out in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments are to be enforced through a set of parameters. These include: Procedure manual A basic part of the Clinical Lab

Patient Safety in Medical Education A very important aspect of medical education that had been overlooked for a long time is patient safety. When patient safety in medical education gets relegated to the backseat; the result is there for everyone to see: something like close to a 100,000 deaths at the turn of the previous century, according to the alarming results of a comprehensive study carried out by the Institute of Medicine. The tragedy of these deaths is that these were preventable. This reinforces the belief that patient safety in medical education is the core factor, which if handled properly, can save thousands of lives. How does patient safety in medical education come about? It goes without saying that physicians and other caregivers practice in their professions what they learn in schools. So, patient safety in medical education has to be incorporated into the curriculum at the earliest stages. Hospitals, medical colleges and other institutes that impart medical education have now started taking more than mere baby steps in inculcating patient safety in medical education as a core part of teaching, the already heavily burdened curriculum in medical education notwithstanding. Efforts by medical education bodies Following the publication of the IOM report, the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the Curriculum Management and Information Tool (CurrMit) in the US and Medical Schools Council and the General Medical Council (GMC) in the UK sprang into action, announcing a slew of measures aimed at bringing about and reinforcing patient safety in medical education. Entire lessons and chapters are devoted to patient safety in medical education. Keywords and technical jargon relating to patient safety are now a highly visible aspect of patient safety in medical education. These are spread across all disciples and subjects of medical education, be it gynecology or anesthetics. What should curricula teach about patient safety in medical edu

Food Safety and Security are two faces of the coin : Food safety and security are two different, but closely related concepts. Although part of the same aspect, they vary in their application and meaning. Both are equally important in ensuring that populations of the world get food that is sufficient and nutritious. Food safety and security are complete without each other. Food safety complements food security, and vice versa. Food safety : Food safety is essentially about the safety of the ingredients that go into food. If food is being sourced from a farm, the food makers have to ensure that the farm has ensured safety standards in producing this food. Food safety is concerned about the amount of chemicals and fertilizers used in production of food. It is also concerned with how much residual pesticide, which could cause harm to humans when the food that is grown using it, is left in the final product, and so on. Food safety is related to and is dependent on factors such as demographics, inputs that go into the cultivation and production of food, availability of water for production of safe food, the use of energy sources in the safe production of food, climate change, etc. Now, food security : Food security, on the other hand, is about more about the food supply chain. When food arrives from the producer to the consumer, it goes through a complex chain that can many times span entire continents. Food may also be sourced and consumed locally. In either case, there is a need to ensure that the points that food travels in and reaches are secure. Ensuring quality throughout : The aim of food security is to ensure that food which travels through many chains and stages should be clean at all these stages. This means that security has to be ensured from rodents and other forms of disturbances at the agricultural fields in which food is produced, then at the granaries in which it is stored, at the routes that it travels, then at the location at which food is pr

It is important to ensure food safety in hospitals Hospitals being what they are - where patients of almost all kinds visit or stay - are very potent sources of infection. Infection can arise from any part of the hospital. They can spread from patients to patients, from caregivers to patients, from patients to caregivers, from patients to support or administrative staff and vice versa, and so on. An often overlooked source of infection and contamination is the food that comes into hospitals. Food safety in hospitals is a very important element of hygiene First, an understanding of food safety in the context of hospitals is necessary. Food safety in hospitals is described as the scientific way by which food is prepared, handled and stored in hospital settings. Any food that is prepared in hospital kitchens are, like food prepared in other places such as canteens, hotels and restaurants and even homes, sourced from outside. This food comes from suppliers whose hygiene has to be ensured. Food hazards can come in many forms, including, but not limited to: Biological Chemical Physical Allergenic Hazards an Several other contributing factors It is in the process of procuring materials for food and preparing it in hospital kitchens that a major part of food safety in hospitals is compromised. There has to be a thorough mechanism to ensure that all these producers and suppliers follow regulatory requirements in ensuring that the food they produce and supply to hospitals is clean and safe. Literally thousands of patients get infected from over 250 kinds of bacteria, parasites and viruses when they consume food prepared in hospitals. Findings of a recent study It is pertinent to recall the findings of study done in May 2014 in Geneva, Switzerland. It carried out an examination of chicken supplied to and prepared in a hospital in this city. An astounding four fifths of these chickens were known to have been infected with E.coli, leading to its possible transmission to pati

Course "Supplier Management for Medical Device Manufacturers" has been pre-approved by RAPS as eligible for up to 12 credits towards a participant's RAC recertification upon full completion. Overview: Supplier selection and management is one of the critical issues for medical device manufacturers. Suppliers provide materials and services to the device manufacturer, which means that they can be critical to performance and delivery of your device. Neither the FDA nor your notified body regulates your suppliers (with a few exceptions). They expect you to have an effective process to ensure your suppliers perform in the regulatory environment. How well do you understand the requirements for supplier management? Could you pass a regulatory audit or inspection without any issues? This course delivers the tools, templates, and methods to help participants implement an effective and efficient supplier management program. This two-day hands-on course provides a clear understanding of the underlying principles of supplier management. The course uses exercises to solidify understanding. In addition, the course uses FDA Warning Letters to illustrate the points and help you learn from others. As part of the practical implementation, the course includes receiving acceptance activities, outsourced processes, process validation at the suppliers' location, supplier auditing techniques, and supplier issues in management review. The course uses the Global Harmonization Task Force (GHTF) framework, but expands it to cover other issues and techniques important in effective implementation. Why should you attend: Since FDA regulations do not allow them to audit your suppliers unless they make finished medical devices, they require that you have sufficient control over them. But from time to time the FDA makes a reinterpretation of what this means. This happened within the last f 5 years, so if you supplier management program is older than that, you need to make major changes in you supp

Overview: Being in compliance with HIPAA involves not only ensuring you provide the appropriate patient rights and controls on your uses and disclosures of protected health information, but you also have the proper policies and procedures in place. If audited or the subject of a compliance review you will be required to show the government you have all the necessary documentation in place for safeguarding patient Protected Health Information and indicate how you addressed all required security safeguards. This starts with the fundamentals of a HIPAA compliance program. If your organization needs to understand the role of the HIPAA Security Official, the requirements, and make sure the current compliance program is adequate and can withstand government scrutiny, please join us for this informative and interactive course. Why should you Attend: The role of the HIPAA Security Official is critically important in complying with the HIPAA Security Rule. Besides being responsible for many of the daily operations within an organization, the Security Official is tasked with managing the HIPAA compliance program. Knowing what is required is part of the Security Official's duties. Attendees will leave the course clearly understanding of all the requirements for a comprehensive HIPAA compliance program and to make sure on organization has the proper policies and procedures in place. After completing this course, a HIPAA Security Official will have a clear understanding for what needs to be place when it comes to all of the HIPAA regulations. Areas Covered in the Session: Why was HIPAA created? Who Must Comply with HIPAA Requirements? What are the HIPAA Security and Privacy Rules? The Role of the HIPAA Security Official What is a HIPAA Compliance Program? What is a HIPAA Risk Management Plan? What is meant by "Required" and "Addressable" Implementation Specifications? What are Administrative, Technical, and Physical Safeguards Requirements? What is a HIPAA Risk Asses

Patient quality and safety in healthcare: Patient quality and safety are core aspects of healthcare. They need to be administered and assessed in the backdrop of a variety of factors. Many healthcare professionals see patient quality and safety in healthcare as being part of the broad canopy of healthcare. There is some disagreement and confusion as to the exact meaning of the terms patient quality and safety, but that is only when it comes to semantics. In broad terms, one can understand patient quality and safety in healthcare as efforts and steps and processes meant to improve the quality care given to patients. Patient quality and safety in healthcare relates chiefly to: Improving the safety of patients and augmenting the quality of health care in the various areas of health Bringing about a reduction in infections that are sometimes a byproduct of provision of health care Reduction in the incidence of adverse drug events Quality healthcare, of which patient quality and safety in healthcare are an integral part, is defined as "…doing the right thing, at the right time, for the right person, and having the best possible result" by The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The AHRQ also describes patient safety as "the act of doing no harm", and which "…underlies all aspects of quality health care." Measuring patient quality and safety: Measuring patient quality and safety in healthcare is of utmost importance because no system or practice is meaningful unless it is capable of being measured. The level and success of patient quality and safety in healthcare is measured against the following parameters: How many patients who underwent surgery experienced infections? How many patients were required to be admitted for a second or subsequent time following discharge from hospital because of complications such as infections or recurrence of the problems for which the patient was admitted? To what extent did the healthcare

Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgical Environments is Critical for Healthcare Providers A critical component of patient safety relates to surgical environments. Surgical theaters are prone to causing a high degree of harm. This can be from a number of sources. Patient safety in surgical environments can be from any microbe or fungus in any of the accessories used during surgery, such as ECG machine, the echo machine, or other related ones. A host of external factors can impinge upon patient safety in surgical environments Patient safety in surgical environments can also be compromised on account of the use of infected items such as swabs, sponges, knives, forceps, needles, catheters, tubes or any other such accessories or instruments. Patient safety in surgical environments can also get affected by the presence of microscopic allergens and molds in any bedding or clothing item. Even germs transmitted from the caregivers can be a source of lack of patient safety in surgical environments. Another major source where patient safety in surgical environments can suffer is when items are left behind in patients��� bodies by the surgeon. There have been innumerable cases of entire surgical items being left behind in the patient, even in the best hospitals, when surgery is performed by the best surgeons. Get a proper understanding of the underlying causes What do all these point to? These point to the fact that all the factors mentioned above are manmade and are preventable. So, understanding the root of the problem is the key to ensuring patient safety in surgical environments. East and west carry differences Any approach to a solution for ensuring patient safety in surgical environments has to start with the understanding that different healthcare and surgical environments exist in different parts of the world. A surgical environment in Germany for instance is vastly different from that in say, Ghana. So, an individualized approach is what is needed. It is to be note

In this report, we analyze the Jogging Shoes industry from two aspects. One part is about its production and the other part is about its consumption. In terms of its production, we analyze the production, revenue, gross margin of its main manufacturers and the unit price that they offer in different regions from 2012 to 2017. In terms of its consumption, we analyze the consumption volume, consumption value, sale price, import and export in different regions from 2012 to 2017.

In this report, we analyze the Central Monitoring System industry from two aspects. One part is about its production and the other part is about its consumption. In terms of its production, we analyze the production, revenue, gross margin of its main manufacturers and the unit price that they offer in different regions from 2012 to 2017.