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Initially, the battery is filled with freshwater and a small electric current is applied to charge it up. The freshwater is then drained and replaced with seawater. Because seawater is salty, containing 60 to 100 times more ions than freshwater, it increases the electrical potential, or voltage, between the two electrodes. That makes it possible to reap far more electricity than the amount used to charge the battery.

Uniti, an industrial titanium joint venture between Allegheny Technologies and Verkhnaya Salda Metallurgical Production Association, has secured a contract from Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction of Korea to supply titanium for a seawater desalination plant in Saudi Arabia.

The increased construction of desalination plants due to the steady fall in the cost of several key technologies for seawater-to-freshwater conversion is projected to generate a cumulative capital investment of $87.8bn worldwide from 2010 to 2016, says a report from Pike Research.