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"ABSTRACTThe cost of raw materials continues to be a limiting factor in the production of bio-ethanol from traditional raw materials, such as sugar and starch. At the same time, there are large amount of agricultural residues as well as industrial wastes that are of low or negative value (due to costs of current effluent disposal methods). Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of elephant grass and wood residues for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose has been investigated in this study. Elephant grass (agricultural residue) and sawdust (Pulp and Paper Industry waste) with a small particulate size were treated using different dilute sulfuric acid concentrations at a temperature of 140-170C within 0.5-3 hours. The appropriate pretreatment conditions give the highest yield of soluble saccharides and total reducing sugars"

"stract This review summarizes the effect of high- and low-temperature thermal pretreatment (TPT) on sludge dewaterability, anaerobic digestion (AD), and biogas production efficiencies. The AD of the TPT sludge has demonstrated the following observations: reduced sludge retention time, increased biogas generation, higher organics degradation, improved dewaterability, and lower digester volume than the conventional AD of sludge. Energy balance of the TPT process was energetically self-sustainable and produced surplus energy at solids concentration greater than 3%. Net energy and energy ratio of TPT and AD revealed that net energy and energy ratio are increased with increase in total solids concentration"

"Fig. 3. Effects of different operation parameters on glucose production from food waste pretreated with fungal mash. (a) Effect of food waste loading on saccharification at the fungal mash loading of 5%, mixing speed of 200 rpm and 50 °C; (b) Effect of hydrolysis time (0-24 h) and temperature (40-70 °C) on saccharification at the fungal mash loading of 5%, mixing speed of 200 rpm and the food waste loading of 200 g/L; (c) Effect of mixing speed"