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Billy Gerchick

Ontology is Overrated -- Categories, Links, and Tags - 1 views

  • the link, which can point to anything, and the tag, which is a way of attaching labels to links
  • The question ontology asks is: What kinds of things exist or can exist in the world, and what manner of relations can those things have to each other?
  • The periodic table of the elements is my vote for "Best. Classification. Evar.
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  • Dewey, 200: Religion 210 Natural theology 220 Bible 230 Christian theology 240 Christian moral & devotional theology 250 Christian orders & local church 260 Christian social theology 270 Christian church history 280 Christian sects & denominations 290 Other religions
  • Dewey, 200: Religion 210 Natural theology 220 Bible 230 Christian theology 240 Christian moral & devotional theology 250 Christian orders & local church 260 Christian social theology 270 Christian church history 280 Christian sects & denominations 290 Other religions
  • It is organized into non-overlapping categories that get more detailed at lower and lower levels -- any concept is supposed to fit in one category and in no other categories
  • The essence of a book isn't the ideas it contains. The essence of a book is "book." Thinking that library catalogs exist to organize concepts confuses the container for the thing contained.
  • hierarchy is a good way to manage physical objects
  • there is no shelf
  • Look what's happened here. Yahoo, faced with the possibility that they could organize things with no physical constraints, added the shelf back
  • The charitable explanation for this is that they thought of this kind of a priori organization as their job, and as something their users would value. The uncharitable explanation is that they thought there was business value in determining the view the user would have to adopt to use the system
  • The charitable explanation for this is that they thought of this kind of a priori organization as their job, and as something their users would value. The uncharitable explanation is that they thought there was business value in determining the view the user would have to adopt to use the system
  • The charitable explanation for this is that they thought of this kind of a priori organization as their job, and as something their users would value. The uncharitable explanation is that they thought there was business value in determining the view the user would have to adopt to use the system
  • The charitable explanation for this is that they thought of this kind of a priori organization as their job, and as something their users would value. The uncharitable explanation is that they thought there was business value in determining the view the user would have to adopt to use the system .
  • if you've got enough links, you don't need the hierarchy anymore. There is no shelf. There is no file system. The links alone are enough. [ Just Links (There Is No Filesystem) ]
  • Browse versus search is a radical increase in the trust we put in link infrastructure, and in the degree of power derived from that link structure. Browse says the people making the ontology, the people doing the categorization, have the responsibility to organize the world in advance.
  • Search says that, at the moment that you are looking for it, we will do our best to service it based on this link structure, because we believe we can build a world where we don't need the hierarchy to coexist with the link structure.
  • You can also turn that list around. You can say "Here are some characteristics where ontological classification doesn't work well": Domain Large corpus No formal categories Unstable entities Unrestricted entities No clear edges Participants Uncoordinated users Amateur users Naive catalogers No Authority
  • where the people doing the categorizing believe, even if only unconciously, that naming the world changes it.
  • "Oh my god, that means you won't be introducing the movies people to the cinema people!" To which the obvious answer is "Good. The movie people don't want to hang out with the cinema people."
  • The problem is, because the cataloguers assume their classification should have force on the world, they underestimate the difficulty of understanding what users are thinking, and they overestimate the amount to which users will agree, either with one another or with the catalogers, about the best way to categorize. They also underestimate the loss from erasing difference of expression, and they overestimate loss from the lack of a thesaurus.
  • We pretend that 'country' refers to a physical area the same way 'city' does, but it's not true, as we know from places like the former Yugoslavia.
  • A: "This is a book about Dresden." B: "This is a book about Dresden, and it goes in the category 'East Germany'."
  • They're able to take my books in while ignoring my categories, because all my books have ISBN numbers, International Standard Book Numbers.
  • Now imagine a world where everything can have a unique identifier. This should be easy, since that's the world we currently live in -- the URL gives us a way to create a globally unique ID for anything we need to point to.
  • Now imagine a world where everything can have a unique identifier. This should be easy, since that's the world we currently live in -- the URL gives us a way to create a globally unique ID for anything we need to point to. Sometimes the pointers are direct, as when a URL points to the contents of a Web page. Sometimes they are indirect, as when you use an Amazon link to point to a book. Sometimes there are layers of indirection, as when you use a URI, a uniform resource identifier, to name something whose location is indeterminate. But the basic scheme gives us ways to create a globally unique identifier for anything. And once you can do that, anyone can label those pointers, can tag those URLs, in ways that make them more valuable, and all without requiring top-down organization schemes. And this -- an explosion in free-form labeling of links, followed by all sorts of ways of grabbing value from those labels -- is what I think is happening now.
  • Tags are simply labels for URLs, selected to help the user in later retrieval of those URLs. Tags have the additional effect of grouping related URLs together. There is no fixed set of categories or officially approved choices. You can use words, acronyms, numbers, whatever makes sense to you, without regard for anyone else's needs, interests, or requirements.
  • Tags are important mainly for what they leave out. By forgoing formal classification, tags enable a huge amount of user-produced organizational value, at vanishingly small cost.
  • gopher and the Web
  • And if you can find any way to create value from combining myriad amateur classifications over time, they will come to be more valuable than professional categorization schemes, particularly with regards to robustness and cost of creation.
  • because you can derive 'this is who this link is was tagged by' and 'this is when it was tagged, you can start to do inclusion and exclusion around people and time, not just tags. You can start to do grouping. You can start to do decay. "Roll up tags from just this group of users, I'd like to see what they are talking about" or "Give me all tags with this signature, but anything that's more than a week old or a year old."
  • With tagging, when there is signal loss, it comes from people not having any commonality in talking about things. The loss is from the multiplicity of points of view, rather than from compression around a single point of view.
  • Tagging, by contrast, gets better with scale. With a multiplicity of points of view the question isn't "Is everyone tagging any given link 'correctly'", but rather "Is anyone tagging it the way I do?
  • The Web has an editor, it's everybody.
  • the decision about which tags to use comes after the links have been tagged, not before.
  • This allows for partial, incomplete, or probabilistic merges that are better fits to uncertain environments -- such as the real world -- than rigid classification schemes.
  • You merge from the URLs, and then try and derive something about the categorization from there. This allows for partial, incomplete, or probabilistic merges that are better fits to uncertain environments -- such as the real world -- than rigid classification schemes.
  • Merges are Probabilistic, not Binary - Merges create partial overlap between tags, rather than defining tags as synonyms. Instead of saying that any given tag "is" or "is not" the same as another tag, del.icio.us is able to recommend related tags by saying "A lot of people who tagged this 'Mac' also tagged it 'OSX'." We move from a binary choice between saying two tags are the same or different to the Venn diagram option of "kind of is/somewhat is/sort of is/overlaps to this degree". That is a really profound change.
  • You can see there's a tag "to_read". A professional cataloguer would look at this tag in horror -- "This is context-dependent and temporary." Well, so was the category "East Germany." Once you expand your time scale to include the actual life of the categorization scheme itself, you recognize that the distinction between temporary and permanent is awfully vague. There isn't in fact a binary condition of a tag that can or cannot survive any kind of long-term examination.
  • It comes down ultimately to a question of philosophy. Does the world make sense or do we make sense of the world?
  • If, on the other hand, you believe that we make sense of the world, if we are, from a bunch of different points of view, applying some kind of sense to the world, then you don't privilege one top level of sense-making over the other. What you do instead is you try to find ways that the individual sense-making can roll up to something which is of value in aggregate, but you do it without an ontological goal. You do it without a goal of explicitly getting to or even closely matching some theoretically perfect view of the world.
  • "A lot of users tagging things foobar are also tagging them frobnitz. I'll tell the user foobar and frobnitz are related." It's up to the user to decide whether or not that recommendation is useful -- del.icio.us has no idea what the tags mean. The tag overlap is in the system, but the tag semantics are in the users. This is not a way to inject linguistic meaning into the machine.
  • Some of those categories are starting to look a little bit dated
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    Informative piece on tagging as a method of categorizing information
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    Fascinating article on tagging.
Billy Gerchick

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - 0 views

  • My new mistress proved to be all she appeared when I first met her at the door,—a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings. She had never had a slave under her control previously to myself, and prior to her marriage she had been dependent upon her own industry for a living. She was by trade a weaver; and by constant application to her business, she had been in a good degree preserved from the blighting and dehumanizing effects of slavery. I was utterly astonished at her goodness.
    • Billy Gerchick
       
      Douglass' well-rounded perception of Sophia Auld, a "woman of the kindest heart," that had mostly avoided the "blighting" and "dehumanizing" effects of slavery.
  • Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me. When I went there, she was a pious, warm, and tender-hearted woman. There was no sorrow or suffering for which she had not a tear. She had bread for the hungry, clothes for the naked, and comfort for every mourner that came within her reach. Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tiger-like fierceness.
    • Billy Gerchick
       
      By being submissive to her husband's demands, Auld embodies the archetype of the enslaver: a person who not only robs another of humanity; a person who by being the oppressor robs herself of humanity.
  • door,—a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings. She had never had a slave under her control previously to myself, and prior to her marriage she had been dependent upon her own industry for a living. She was by trade a weaver; and by constant application to her business, she had been in a good degree preserved from the blighting and dehumanizing effects of slavery. I was utterly astonished at her goodness.
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  • Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me. When I went there, she was a pious, warm, and tender-hearted woman. There was no sorrow or suffering for which she had not a tear. She had bread for the hungry, clothes for the naked, and comfort for every mourner that came within her reach. Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tiger-like fierceness.
Billy Gerchick

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - 0 views

  • The master is frequently compelled to sell this class of his slaves, out of deference to the feelings of his white wife; and, cruel as the deed may strike any one to be, for a man to sell his own children to human flesh-mongers, it is often the dictate of humanity for him to do so; for, unless he does this, he must not only whip them himself, but must stand by and see one white son tie up his brother, of but few shades darker complexion than himself, and ply the gory lash to his naked back; and if he lisp one word of disapproval, it is set down to his parental partiality, and only makes a bad matter worse, both for himself and the slave whom he would protect and defend.
Peter Boren

Research Resources - 1 views

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    An absolutely huge list of links to various specialized search engines, statistic and trend collecting sites, and free resources for research. It's kind of a Swiss army knife of links with plenty of corkscrews that you'll never use but occasionally that fish scaler comes in handy in a bind.
anonymous

Dubai Architecture - 0 views

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    Dubai is one of the centers of new architecture in the world. It's said that Dubai currently has 15-25% of all of the worlds construction cranes used to build. Although this site is a little dated, it still shows just how active the UAE have been in worldwide recognized architecture.
Kadee Maxwell

Merriam-Webster Online - Where do new words come from? - 0 views

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    An example of how etymology is used in not only in understanding the history of words, but in using that information to create new words. Explains how useful etymology can be for the future of words as well as the history of words.
Peter Boren

Section 8: Domestic Issues and Social Policy | Pew Research Center for the People and t... - 0 views

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    This is a survey report on the increasing gap between the opinions of members of different political parties. It covers a variety of topics but one of those topics has to do with global warming concerns, specifically alternative energy.
Peter Boren

Why scientists aren't more persuasive, part 1 | Grist - 0 views

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    This is an article that breaks down the rhetoric of the science side of global warming. The website is clearly a site that promotes awareness of global warming, which is why the article seems interesting in its discussion on the limits of scientists, something you would think would be on their side and they would want to promote.
Jeremy Schaefer

Who Caused the Economic Crisis? | FactCheck.org - 0 views

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    This article is interesting because it identifies individuals and groups of people as the main cause of the economic crisis. The list provided of those at fault shows how irresponsible many groups of people were and how that all contributed to the economic crisis.
Reyna Martinez

Health Care Bill Page 425 - The Truth - 0 views

  • On Page 425 of Obama's health care bill, the Federal Government will require EVERYONE who is on Social Security to undergo a counseling session every 5 years with the objective being that they will explain to them just how to end their own life earlier. Yes... They are going to push SUICIDE to cut Medicare spending!!! And no, I am NOT KIDDING YOU! So those of you who voted for Obama have now put yourself and your own parents in dire straights... Congratulations!
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    This site discribes page 425 of The Health Care Bill. Unfortunately this is one of few or many negative requirements of the bill.
Peter Boren

Little Change in Opinions about Global Warming | Pew Research Center for the People and... - 0 views

  • There has been a modest decline since 2008 in support for requiring better fuel efficiency for vehicles, increasing federal funding for research on alternative energy and spending more on mass transit. A majority of Republicans continue to support these policies, but fewer do so now than in 2008 or 2006. In the current survey, 73% of Republicans favor requiring better fuel efficiency for cars, trucks and SUVs, down from 86% two years ago and 85% in February 2006. Similarly, 64% of Republicans favor increasing federal funding for research on wind, solar and hydrogen technology, down 21 points from two years ago. Republican support for spending more on subway, rail and bus systems has also declined — from 65% in 2008 to 55% now. Opinion among independents also has shifted. About three-fourths (76%) of independents favor higher fuel efficiency standards, down from 87% in 2008 and 2006. Similarly, 72% of independents support increased funding for alternative energy, down 13 points since 2006. And somewhat fewer favor spending more on mass transit (61% now, 74% in 2008). By contrast, support among Democrats for increased spending on alternative energy and mass transit and better fuel efficiency requirements has remained steady or increased slightly over the past few years. In 2006 and even 2008, the partisan differences in opinion about these policies were quite small, but now the gaps between Republicans and Democrats are 16 points or more. There has been little change in views about nuclear power over this time; 45% favor promoting the increased use of nuclear power now, virtually unchanged from 2006 when 44% supported this. Far more Republicans (57%) than Democrats (36%) or independents (45%) support the increased use of nuclear power.
Mellitta Benning

Potential Effects of Your Employees' Online Social Networking. - 0 views

  • A better option may be for you to implement realistic policies (and, optimally, contracts) concerning and controlling your employees’ use of social networking sites, in addition to other Web 2.0 outlets (such as blogs, wikis, pod-casts, and the like).  
  • A better option may be for you to implement realistic policies (and, optimally, contracts) concerning and controlling your employees’ use of social networking sites, in addition to other Web 2.0 outlets (such as blogs, wikis, pod-casts, and the like).
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    This article talks about the differebt ways business can implement policies to keep there employees from networking about the business or in any way that can slander the reputation of a business. Als gives info on somone you can contact about the effects of the social network.
Magdalena Torres Rodriguez

Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Marines Most Resistant To Openly Gay Troops - 0 views

  • But in the end, Lt. Col. Hackett says every good Marine follows orders, and "if that's what the president orders, I can tell you by God we're going to excel above and beyond the other services to make it happen and be damn good at it."
  • OCEANSIDE, Calif. — They are the few, the proud and perhaps the military's biggest opponents of lifting the ban on openly gay troops. Most of those serving in America's armed forces have no strong objections to repealing the "don't ask, don't tell" law, according to a Pentagon survey of 400,000 active duty and reservists that is scheduled for release Tuesday. But the survey found resistance to repealing the ban strongest among the Marines, according to The Washington Post. It's an attitude apparently shared by their top leader, Commandant Gen. James Amos, who has said that the government should not lift the ban in wartime. The Senate is supposed to consider repeal during its lame duck session in December, with many legislators favoring changing the law to allow gays to serve openly. A few staunchly oppose it, however, and both sides are expected to cite the survey in arguing whether to move forward with repeal. The Corps is the youngest, smallest and arguably the most tight-knit of the enlisted forces, with many of its roughly 200,000 members hailing from small towns and rural areas in the South. Marines are unabashed about distinguishing themselves from the rest of the military, with a warrior ethos and a religious zeal for their branch of service that they liken to a brotherhood. "We've never changed our motto. We've never changed our pitch to new recruits. We have hardly changed our formal u
  • changed our formal u niforms in 235 years," said Marine Reserve Lt. Col. Paul Hackett, 48, who has been in the Corps
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    This will help me understand both sides. The mariens are seem to be the most against this policy to be lifted and I want to know why this is.
Sam Fox

Deforestation Facts, Deforestation Information, Effects of Deforestation - National Geo... - 0 views

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    National Geographic touches on the topic of deforestation. The short article touches on both simple and complex effects of deforestation and the some causes of forest deterioration.
Billy Gerchick

Aviator "Howard Hughes Answers Senator Brewster, Pan Am" - 0 views

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    Mastery of logos, pathos, ethos appeal to refute charges of Hughes Aircraft embezzling money on a WWII US Government military contract. In-particular, Hughes' shrewd sense of logos annihilates the opposition's ethos, taking both Brewster and Pan Am head-on.
Peter Boren

http://www.princeton.edu/~dbalda/papers/Baldassarri_Bearman_polarization_ASR.pdf - 0 views

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    A paper on the dynamics of political polarization, I was going to use this in regards to how the politics of global warming has effected the science and the actually public perception of the problem.
anonymous

Colosseum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

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    The Colosseum has always and always will fascinate me (my favorite movie of all time is Gladiator). The beauty and ingeniousness of the design, with all the sculptures and amazing Roman engineering, has long been a basis for my desire to pursue architecture. I chose this wikipedia page because it enlightens all of it: the building itself, the history, and the purpose.
Mellitta Benning

Social Networking by Employees: Is It Any of Your Company's Business? - 0 views

  • There are federal laws in place that control aspects of monitoring employee activity on the Internet, as well as common law and even Constitutional protections in some jurisdictions (such as California) that protect privacy.
  • Confidentiality — Intentionally or unintentionally, network exchanges may reveal confidential company information, as well as confidential information of a company’s customers or clients. Such information could even include trade secrets that a company or its customers/clients have gone to great lengths to protect.
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    This article gives a break down of what the laws are with social networking . Also gives a little information on what the issues are with social networking in a business such as discrimination, time management etc...
Peter Boren

The American 'Allergy' To Global Warming: Why? : NPR - 0 views

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    This associated press article is about America's response to global warming in contrast to the rest of the world. The article tracks some of the history of opinion on global warming.
Magdalena Torres Rodriguez

Marine chief: 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal could be deadly 'distraction' - CSMonitor.com - 0 views

  • Why the Marines are different On Tuesday, he offered some thoughts on why the Marines seem more averse than the Army, Air Force, or Navy to having openly gay troops in their ranks. He said it involved recruitment and the reputation of the Marines as a tough fighting force. While he disputed the notion that it’s “a macho thing," he added: “We recruit on a warrior ethos…. We live hard, we train hard. We do tough things,” he said. “We recruit men and women for that kind of ethos." “It’s never, ‘We’re going to give you a college education,’ ” he added. “We never say that.” Recruits who sign up for the Marines come in with “expectations,” Amos argued. “I can’t explain what the expectations are. I can’t explain what they think might happen.” For his part, Gates has argued that he would prefer an orderly repeal passed by Congress to an abrupt reversal by the courts – a scenario Gates called a "nightmare" that could cause mass confusion in the military. Amos said Tuesday: “I don’t know how dangerous a court ruling would be." But should the law be overturned, either by court ruling or by Congress, Amos said he respected civilian control of the government and would obey the decision. He recounted an answer he gave some young Marine lieutenants earlier in the day when they asked him what would happen if the ban was lifted. “Don’t make it too hard,” he told them. The answer, he added, is “actually easy. I’m going to get in step and do it smartly.” In such a case, it’s not a matter of “let’s reconsider it,” Amos said. “It’s a matter of ‘Yes, sir.’ ”
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    All though this policy was already lifted it is still not excepted by all. Marine seem to have their reasons. Finding out why they think will happen will be good for mr research paper.
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