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On 20 October 2009, this column addressed the topic of Y-DNA testing for genealogical purposes. This relatively new development in science holds revolutionary potential for genealogy, especially African-American research. The most recent issue of the National Genealogical Society Quarterly (Sep 2009) contains the case study of an African-American family where Y-DNA testing revealed direct male line European ancestry.[1]

Cell manipulation using optical traps was first indicated by Bell Laboratories using visible argon laser light and infrared light. Movement of a micron-sized dielectric particle is convinced by the direct transfer of photon momentum to a non-absorbing particle during refraction and reflection, which is the radiation pressure. The optical force from a high intensity focused Gaussian profile laser has scattering (the process in which electromagnetic radiation or particles are deflected diffused.) and gradient force components, which gives a valid point of stable equilibrium near the beam focus. Particles are trapped being across by the gradient force, while around an axis motion of the particle is controlled by the scattering forces. The wavelength of light (dp>> λ) is less than for cells, ray optics have been used to derive the radiation force from scattering of the incident light momentum.

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An optical fiber or Fiber optic cable is made of a silica core with different diameters based on the purpose it is used for. These cables are adaptable, transparent fiber slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

"The new WPI MICRO-ePORE™ pinpoint cell penetrator is a simple and versatile system that can be used for efficient microinjection of a diverse array of compounds and biomolecules into oocytes and pre-implantation stage mammalian embryos. Patent pending Flutter Electrode Technology assists in small, clean, precise membrane penetration without tearing or damaging the membrane. Benefits Increase viability of injected embryos Flexible system Integrates with WPI's PV820/PV830, as well as other popular microinjection systems, like the Eppendorf Femtojet® and the Narishige injectors (Femtojet® 4I is a registered Trademark of Eppendorf.) Microinjection of diverse compounds and biomolecules - DNA, RNA, proteins Pre- and post-implantation in embryos of various species - mice, rodents, monkeys, bovine, pigs, zebrafish, etc. Easy to operate - Hands-free operation with foot switch control User adjustable frequency and voltage - four programmable protocols Small, portable unit saves precious benchtop space Works with all major inverted microscopes"

A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species. In biomedical research, in the laboratory, transgenic animals are routinely used as models. Over 95 percent of those users are genetically modified rodents, predominantly mice. Transgenic animals have many Utilities which made them much superior to the normal animals. Utilities of Transgenic Animals: * During medical research, transgenic animals are mostly used to identify the functions of some specific factors in complex homeostatic systems. These can be through the over- or under-expression of a modified gene (the inserted transgene). * In the toxicology as the responsive test animals for the detection of toxicants. * In mammalian developmental genetics. * In molecular biology, this analysis of the regulation of the gene expression, make use of the informative evaluation of some specific genetic change, at the level of the whole animal. * While in the pharmaceutical industry, for the targeted production of pharmaceutical proteins, and during the drug production also on the product efficacy testing. * In biotechnology, as producers of specific proteins. * For the genetically engineered hormones to increase milk yield, meat production. * In the cloning procedures to reproduce some specific bloodlines in the genetic engineering of the livestock, and in the aquaculture that affects the modification of animal physiology and/or anatomy, * Developing animals specially created for use in xenografting.

Electroporation is also called as electropermeabilization as a way to introduce some new substance into the cell to change the function of a cell or a piece of coding DNA. The appliance that is used for doing this process is known as electroporator.