In statistics , a likelihood function (often simply the likelihood ) is a function of the parameters of a statistical model , defined as follows: the likelihood of a set of parameter values given some observed outcomes is equal to the probability of those observed outcomes given those parameter values. Likelihood functions play a key role in statistical inference , especially methods of estimating a parameter from a set of statistics . In non-technical parlance, "likelihood" is usually a synonym for " probability " but in statistical usage, a clear technical distinction is made. One may ask "If I were to flip a fair coin 100 times, what is the probability of it landing heads-up every time?" or "Given that I have flipped a coin 100 times and it has landed heads-up 100 times, what is the likelihood that the coin is fair?" but it would be improper to switch "likelihood" and "probability" in the two sentences. If a probability distribution depends on a parameter, one may on one hand consider—for a given value of the parameter—the probability (density) of the different outcomes, and on the other hand consider—for a given outcome—the probability (density) this outcome has occurred for different values of the parameter. The first approach interprets the probability distribution as a function of the outcome, given a fixed parameter value, while the second interprets it as a function of the parameter, given a fixed outcome. In the latter case the function is called the "likelihood function" of the parameter, and indicates how likely a parameter value is in light of the observed outcome.

In statistics , a likelihood function (often simply the likelihood ) is a function of the parameters of a statistical model , defined as follows: the likelihood of a set of parameter values given some observed outcomes is equal to the probability of those observed outcomes given those parameter values. Likelihood functions play a key role in statistical inference , especially methods of estimating a parameter from a set of statistics . In non-technical parlance, "likelihood" is usually a synonym for " probability " but in statistical usage, a clear technical distinction is made. One may ask "If I were to flip a fair coin 100 times, what is the probability of it landing heads-up every time?" or "Given that I have flipped a coin 100 times and it has landed heads-up 100 times, what is the likelihood that the coin is fair?" but it would be improper to switch "likelihood" and "probability" in the two sentences. If a probability distribution depends on a parameter, one may on one hand consider—for a given value of the parameter—the probability (density) of the different outcomes, and on the other hand consider—for a given outcome—the probability (density) this outcome has occurred for different values of the parameter. The first approach interprets the probability distribution as a function of the outcome, given a fixed parameter value, while the second interprets it as a function of the parameter, given a fixed outcome. In the latter case the function is called the "likelihood function" of the parameter, and indicates how likely a parameter value is in light of the observed outcome.

In statistics, a likelihood function (often simply the likelihood) is a function of the parameters of a statistical model, defined as follows: the likelihood of a set of parameter values given some observed outcomes is equal to the probability of those observed outcomes given those parameter values. Likelihood functions play a key role in statistical inference, especially methods of estimating a parameter from a set of statistics. In non-technical parlance, "likelihood" is usually a synonym for "probability" but in statistical usage, a clear technical distinction is made. One may ask "If I were to flip a fair coin 100 times, what is the probability of it landing heads-up every time?" or "Given that I have flipped a coin 100 times and it has landed heads-up 100 times, what is the likelihood that the coin is fair?" but it would be improper to switch "likelihood" and "probability" in the two sentences. If a probability distribution depends on a parameter, one may on one hand consider—for a given value of the parameter—the probability (density) of the different outcomes, and on the other hand consider—for a given outcome—the probability (density) this outcome has occurred for different values of the parameter. The first approach interprets the probability distribution as a function of the outcome, given a fixed parameter value, while the second interprets it as a function of the parameter, given a fixed outcome. In the latter case the function is called the "likelihood function" of the parameter, and indicates how likely a parameter value is in light of the observed outcome.

Hideo Kojima, Japanese pioneer of the video game industry, predicts the end of the consoles era.

, including the Asia Society, The Center for Contemplative Mind in Society, Asterisk Animation, and the Sonnett Media Group. You can see a complete credits list and a list of the programs funders on the website: http://www.pbs.org/thebuddha/credits/

Award-winning filmmaker David Grubin, the creator of The Buddha, was supported by a diverse and talented group of visual artists, educators, and media production professionals. The show can be viewed online in HD at the PBS website.

While listening to the teachers' presentation at my twins' school, I had a moment of clarity: The kindergarten classroom is the design studio.

The kindergarten classroom is the design studio. All of the learning activities that take place inside the kindergarten classroom are freakishly similar to the everyday environment of my design studio in the "real world."

Like the design studio, the kindergarten environment places human interaction above all else.

educators have been encouraged to change roles again and again as we become more familiar with the capabilities of the technology and its uses in instruction.

instructors have been presented with the challenge of moving from center stage to more of a support role--a facilitator

we no longer need to be the sole source of all information nor the one who presents every aspect of the course or who controls how information is presented and re-presented for evaluation

« Zombies attack small screen in 'The Syfy cancels 'Caprica,' final 5 episodes » Matt Lauria on 'Friday Night Lights': 'I felt so privileged' Curt Wagner on 10.27.10 at 8:10 PM | no comments | Curt Wagner I patrol TV ... and other things. But mostly TV. I like my couch. Follow on: Facebook Twitter var retweet_source = 'showpatrol'; var post_title = 'Matt%20Lauria%20on%20%27Friday%20Night%20Lights%27%3A%20%27I%20felt%20so%20privileged%27'; Share Facebook (7) Retweet (13) Stumble Matt Lauria checks out RedEye at The Bourgeois Pig on Fullerton. The "Friday Night Lights" star is filming "The Chicago Code" in the Windy City. (Show Patrol photo) Matt Lauria misses his "Friday Night Lights" character, Luke Cafferty. The actor wrapped his scenes in Austin, Texas, on a Saturday in late July, hopped a plane to Chicago and began filming Fox's "The Chicago Code" (formerly "Ride-Along") on Monday. He's been working in the Windy City since then, living in Lincoln Park with his musician wife, Michelle Armstrong, trying out the local dining scene and riding bikes on the Lakefront Path. I met with Lauria Saturday to talk about the final season of "FNL," which debuted Oct. 27 on DirecTV 101. "Friday Night Lights" follows the football-loving town of Dillon, Texas, its two high school teams and Eric Taylor (Kyle Chandler), who has coached both the teams. Lauria hasn't played any football since wrapping "FNL," but during our chat at The Bourgeois Pig he got a bit sentimental about Luke, the running back who last year was forced to leave the champion Dillon Panthers team and play for Coach with the lowly East Dillon Lions. "I always felt a closeness to Luke ever since he got kicked off the team. I just kind of related to him somehow," Lauria told me. "I'm not a football player, but I just knew where his heart was and how that disappointment felt."

The first method involves removing or lowering the actual frequency of the instrument using everything from your TV's built-in equalizer to running your sound through an audio filter. The audio filter technique is used by audio and video editors to remove hums and buzzes from soundtracks. It works by identifying an exact frequency and removing it. Most vuvuzelas apparently buzz away in the key of B Flat. Bach composed his Brandenburg Concerto No. 6. in the key of B flat and it sounded nice. When soccer fans make B flats it sounds like angry bees.

The second method *apparently* involves noise cancellation. Found at antivuvuzelafilter.com, the idea is that you download an mp3 that directly counters the frequencies produced by the sound of the vuvuzela. You play it alongside the TV and the vuvuzela sound disappears. The makers explain it this way: Our specially designed Vuvuzela noise-cancellation sound is a wave with the same amplitude but with an inverted phase to the original sound.The waves combines to form a new wave, in a process called interference, which effectively cancel each other out - an effect which is called phase cancellation.Depending on the circumstances the resulting soundwave may be so faint as to be inaudible to human ears.

By David Harley, Pierre-Marc Bureau and Andrew Lee Apple's customer-base has rejoined the rest of the user community on the firing line. This paper will compare the view from Apple and the community as a whole with the view from the anti-virus labs of the actual threat landscape.

By David Harley This 1997 paper reviews the shared history of viruses and the Mac, summarizes the 1997 threatscape, and considers possibilities and strategies for the future. It's been made available for historical interest because so many people asked about it at EICAR 2010. First published in Virus Bulletin 1997 Conference Proceedings.*

By Craig Johnston and David Harley This paper looks at the ethical, political and practical issues around the use of "policeware", when law enforcement and other legitimate agencies use "cybersurveillance" techniques based on software that resembles some forms of malware in its modus operandi.

What makes cooperative learning different from most instructional methods is that it is based on social interdependence theory and the related research. Social interdependence theory provides educators with a conceptual framework for understanding how cooperative learning may be (a) most fruitfully structured, (b) adapted to a wide variety of instructional situations, and (c) applied to a wide range of issues (such as achievement, ethnic integration, and prevention of drug abuse).

There are at least three general theoretical perspectives that have guided research on cooperation--cognitive-developmental, behavioral, and social interdependence. The cognitive developmental perspective is largely based on the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. The work of Piaget and related theorists is based on the premise that when individuals co-operate on the environment, socio-cognitive conflict occurs that creates cognitive disequilibrium, which in turn stimulates perspective-taking ability and cognitive development. The work of Vygotsky and related theorists is based on the premise that knowledge is social, constructed from cooperative efforts to learn, understand, and solve problems.

Kurt Lewin

The role of Learning Management Systems has changed dramatically over the last ten years. The first higher education learning management systems were places for professors to place materials and students to submit assignments. These were different from Content Management Systems, which allowed learners to follow a learning path through a course, grading systems, which kept track of grades, enrollment systems, which allowed students to enroll in classes, student accounting systems, which tracked payments and expenses, data warehouses, which allow analysts to mine the various systems for actionable trends, and all the other myriad systems that schools use to run their academics and operations.

Today, in both K12 and postsecondary, there is a growing need to integrate these systems. In higher education, schools have tried to patch together brittle middleware applications to bridge the various systems. This has not been an issue yet for K12, because of low penetration of the LMS into public schools. But federal calls for increased use of data, and the need to handle more students and show better results, with decreased resources will likely hasten the introduction of the LMS in elementary and secondary schools.

as the third or fourth place word processor. Excel was the second most popular spreadsheet. Forefront was selling the second most popular presentation program, called PowerPoint. Microsoft bought Forefront, and then integrated the three applications into one bundle, MS Office, which has controlled the desktop word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation market for over 15 years.

Japanese AffectPhone Concept Conveys Emotions Through Heat

The returns to analytical skill rise consistently across the skill distribution; moving from the 25th to the 75th percentile increases earnings by more than $25,000.  The same basic pattern holds for social intelligence skills, like teamwork, communication, people management, and so forth;

"men's work" as it was once understood--low skill, relatively well-paid physical labor (good factory jobs, in a nutshell)--is clearly the victim of the deep structural change in the economy. For the past several decades, the combination of technology and globalization has not only reduced the number and share of high-wage, low-skill production jobs that were once the province of male breadwinners. On top of this, the rate of return to these physically-skilled jobs has declined.

critical thinking demands objective examination of a topic and then a conscious response to that examination.

The ability to think critically is arguably the most important skill for the 21st century person. It’s the equipment anyone can use to navigate a world of ideas that are increasingly unmitigated and available—everyone is tweeting, blogging, and broadcasting into the ether, so sorting through all the static is that much more important.

Consider who wrote the piece.

In 2005 John Rivers united with three friends to help a local family facing increasing medical bills during their young daughter's fight with cancer. What resulted was a line of BBQ products that is as delicious as it is good for the community. Encouraged by the explosion in popularity and the increase in demand, John left his corporate life to follow his passion for BBQ and determination to help others. Today, Four Rivers Smokehouse continues the tradition of donating proceeds to local churches and school endeavors and is prized for its superb balance of flavors in his Four Rivers BBQ Sauce. The recipe is multi-regional making it a perfect fusion of sweet and tangy with a smoky spice finish that you're sure to enjoy! Our Purpose We are committed to producing the highest level of quality products and providing superior service to our customers which will distinguish the 4Rivers brand in the market place. Equally important to that goal is our dedication to supporting our local business community, schools, and charity organizations. We recognize the value of contributing to the growth of our community in order for our business to prosper. To that end, 4Rivers is proud to support organizations that are dedicated to building a stronger, safer, and kinder community and one that creates the hope for a brighter future for our children. Our Mission is Simple To use our God-given gifts to support the local community, schools, and charity organizations by building a business that distinguishes the 4Rivers brand on the foundation of exceptional products, customer appreciation and uncompromised honesty, integrity, and respect. We hope you enjoy our products as much as our friends and family do and more importantly, hope you consider joining us in supporting these wonderful and very important organizations. Heather Freeman Media & Public Relations, LLC Suzanne & Bill Barnes, Barnes Companies tCreative

IMO you should treat that 0VU exactly as if it's, well, 0VU. Forget referencing to 0dbfs, except to realize that that's the extreme upper limit of your headroom. Dance around 0vu just as you would in a totally analog system and you'll be fine. Don't worry, with 24 bits you're getting a plenty big chunk of audio even at the lower levels. -R

Use your ears. If everything in the room is already calibrated correctly before you even get there... all you'll ever have to do is use your ears. How will you know something is too loud? It'll sound too loud and hurt your ears. how will you know if something is too quiet? You'll be straining to hear it. so... use your ears. Don't mess with the control room volume as a way to adjust the level of what you are hearing. Leave the CR level at Unity and adjust the preamps accordingly, using your ears.

1. don't record very hot. drums with peaks between -10 to -6 dBFS should be ok but see if u can be happy with less hotter level. 2. set levels for best sound (without distortion - unless distortion is a desired sound/effect) 3. make sure you're not clipping the AD stage. some people only look at the meter on the DAW, and the meter on the PRE, but forget about the meter on the AD

Rather than project info onto a portion of the windshield, GM’s latest experiment uses the entire windshield as a display.

“Let’s say you’re driving in fog, we could use the vehicle’s infrared cameras to identify where the edge of the road is and the lasers could ‘paint’ the edge of the road onto the windshield so the driver knows where the edge of the road is,” Seder says

GM has no immediate plans to offer the technology in production models, but Seder says some of features could appear in vehicles at some point.

The Restaurant Not since Adam has a rib been this famous. In 1948, Charlie Vergos cleaned out a basement below his diner, discovered a coal chute, and started a legend. The coal chute gave him a vent for his considerable talent over a grill, and allowed him to expand from ham-and-cheese sandwiches to ribs. Today, several thousand people on an average Saturday night pour into our basement and sink their teeth into a slab of what makes Memphis, well, Memphis. Presidents and potentates, the King and the Killer, Rolling Stones, *NSYNC, and everybody who’s anybody have all been down for a bite. We’re all about ribs, but our menu is as varied and interesting as the wide array of incredible stuff that adorns our walls and ceilings. Charlie’s kids run things now, and their kids are coming along, and their kids will follow. You see, ribs, restaurants in basements and Greek hospitality are Vergos things. And that’s a good thing. By the way, we still make a mean ham-and-cheese sandwich too. More Info

What 10 digitals tools should educators know about?

Here are some ways that I'm using RSS at my school and in my professional life to make things easier and to tie things together. 

Using this same idea, students have to write a reflection about their GCW Trips (Global Citizen's Week) that we went on last week. The trip leaders don't have all the student blog addresses and we want the students to own the reflection, we want it to become part of their learning/eporfolio here at ISB.

Magazines have long used focus groups to tailor their package. New Scientist took another route for its latest issue, testing whether neuromarketing, which examines the brain’s response to products and brands, could help make the magazine more appealing.

The subjects’ reactions were then analyzed by NeuroFocus, a company with headquarters in Berkeley, Calif., which then rated the results on a scale of 1 to 10, based on factors like memory activation and emotional engagement.

“The human brain loves to solve simple puzzles,” he said. “Anytime something is concealed and revealed, the brain rushes toward it.”