Fintech Daily Digest

This paper looks to unpack some of the folk-law that contributes to the narrative economics of the blockchain and in doing so, explain why, in spite of all the excitement over the blockchain and the pouring of billions of dollars into all manner of projects, more than a decade and a half of hype has mostly led to a damp squib.

Unlike blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum that rely solely on consensus mechanisms like proof-of-work (PoW) or proof-of-stake (PoS), respectively, Solana combines PoH with PoS to achieve a high-throughput, low-latency system. This unique combination allows Solana to handle thousands of transactions per second, solving significant bottlenecks faced by other chains."

The IMF published a staff update on global central bank digital currency (CBDC) developments, and updated the landing page for its work-in-progress CBDC virtual handbook. New chapters, which have already been released as Fintech Notes, cover the positioning of CBDC in the payments landscape, cyber resilience of the CBDC ecosystem, CBDC adoption, CBDC data use and privacy protection, implications for monetary policy operations, and cross-border payments with retail CBDC. The update also provides a roadmap of forthcoming chapters, which will presumably also be pre-released as Fintech Notes. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/fintech/central-bank-digital-currency/virtual-handbook

Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) issued a €100 million digital bond settled using the Banque de France's DL3S DLT platform using its pilot wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC). The transaction formed part of the European Central Bank's wholesale distributed ledger technology (DLT) settlement trials. The Banque de France avoids using the term wholesale CBDC, instead referring to it as a tokenized representation of central bank money. For the CDC issuance, it required synchronizing the issuance of the digitally native note (DNN) on Euroclear's D-FMI platform with the settlement on the central bank's DL3S.

The People's Bank of China (PBOC) launched a credit card-sized digital yuan (e-CNY) hard wallet that supports online and offline payments, and features a screen that displays balance and payment details, and dynamic QR codes for payments. The digital wallet enables both "tap-to-pay" and "scan-to-pay" options, letting merchants accept payments on POS machines, scanners and mobile devices, without requiring new hardware. The wallet is reportedly already available for public transport payments in some cities. https://www.ithome.com/0/808/679.htm

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Digital Finance Cooperative Research Centre (DFCRC) published a consultation paper which seeks industry feedback on a new research initiative, Project Acacia. This project will explore how different forms of digital money and associated infrastructure could support the development of wholesale tokenized asset markets in Australia. The consultation paper seeks expressions of interest from industry in participating in an experimental research phase for Project Acacia, and in joining an Industry Advisory Group for the project. Input is also sought on the technical and functional capabilities of new forms of settlement infrastructure and digital money, including wholesale central bank digital currency (#CBDC) and tokenized bank deposits, that could promote well-functioning tokenized asset markets and stability in the financial system.

Mastercard will join the Arab Monetary Fund's (AMF's) Buna cross-border real-time gross settlement (RTGS) payment platform as a direct participant. The collaboration will provide a simple, efficient and practical solution to current challenges that include high costs, long wait times and lack of transparency when moving funds into and out of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. By leveraging existing infrastructure and connections, the collaboration avoids the need for major investments or adjustments from participant banks.

South Korea's Financial Services Commission (FSC) has authorized seven domestic banks to participate in a pilot program testing digital financial services based on central bank digital currency (CBDC) and deposit tokens. The pilot project will offer digital vouchers via QR codes, which users can scan with their smartphones to redeem government-provided benefits digitally at registered merchants, including educational institutions, cultural centers, and welfare-related outlets. The FSC did not specify a timeline for the pilot. https://www.fsc.go.kr/no010101/83337

Pix by Proximity has been introduced by the Central bank of Brazil, available to Google digital wallet users and with a broader rollout to all Pix users set for February 2025. According to the announcement, this contactless payment system will allow users to pay by simply placing their phones near a payment terminal (similar to a card machine), using bank accounts linked to Google Wallet. Developed in partnership with Rede Itaú and tested on their terminals, this solution is available to any payment acquirers in the market. To make a payment, the user only needs to unlock their phone, bring it close to the recipient's NFC-enabled terminal, and follow the on-screen steps.

A consortium of fintech and crypto-asset companies launched the Global Dollar Network based on the U.S. dollar-pegged USDG stablecoin issued out of Singapore by Paxos. Paxos claims that USDG is "substantively compliant with the upcoming Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) stablecoin framework. Anchorage Digital, Bullish, Galaxy Digital, Kraken, Nuvei, Paxos and Robinhood are the initial partners. What is unique about USDG, versus the dominant stablecoins, is that partners (financial services and blockchain firms) receive up to 100% of the revenues generated by USDG's backing assets, and earn additional revenues for minting and acceptance. https://globaldollar.com

The five Project Nexus central bank partners (India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) established the Singapore-based Nexus Scheme Organization (NSO) managing entity, which will manage the project in its live implementation stages. Nexus was launched in 2021 by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub to enhance cross-border payments by connecting multiple domestic instant payment systems (IPS) globally. The European Central Bank (ECB) also joined Nexus as a special observer as part of exploratory work on linking its TARGET Instant Payment Settlement with other fast payment systems. While the BIS will not own or operate the NSO, it will continue its support by playing a technical advisory role.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) announced that a security reference model for digital currency hardware wallets and requirements and recommendations regarding the security of digital currency hardware wallets has now advanced to the internal review phase. It includes security requirements for data management, communication, and access control requirements between different modules of the hardware wallets; security requirements for the running environment of the software operating in the hardware wallet; and security policies for service operation of the hardware wallet. The non-security aspects of digital currency hardware wallets, such as business processes and financial transactions are out of scope.

A paper co-written by Federal Reserve Board (FRB) staffer Elena Falcettoni proposes to differentiate individuals without a bank account but would like to have one (the "unbanked") from individuals that do not have a bank account and are not interested in having one (the "out of banking population"). While the unbanked mostly cite financial and past credit or banking history problems as reasons for not having a bank account, the out of banking population cites a growing mistrust toward the traditional banking system. The paper finds that the latter comprises over 70% of U.S. households without a bank account and concludes that to bank the unbanked (the other 30%) policy interventions should be aimed at encouraging financial institutions to offer more accessible and affordable services.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) outlined its vision for how to take the next step from asset tokenization exploration to commercialization. Project Guardian, launched in 2022, convened over 40 financial institutions, industry associations and international policymakers across seven jurisdictions to carry out industry trials on the use of asset tokenization in capital markets. More than 15 industry trials were conducted in six currencies across multiple financial products. In order to achieve scale the MAS is creating the Guardian Wholesale Network Industry Group with the aim of forming commercial networks to deepen market liquidity, developing an ecosystem of market infrastructures, fostering industry frameworks, and enabling access to common settlement facility.

The Swiss City of Lugano issued its third digital bond on SDX, bringing Lugano's digital bond total to CHF 320 million. Aligned with SDX's objectives under Project Helvetia, this bond leverages a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) for settlement. With dual listing on SDX and the SIX Swiss Exchange, this bond also ensures seamless access for investors across both digital and traditional trading channels.

A couple of European Central Bank (ECB) staffers, including Director General of Market Infrastructures and Payments Ulrich Bindseil, posted a paper that proposes a new approach to clarifying the essence of new payment technologies. It puts forward an etymology of key concepts and reviews terminology and definitions, in the hope of facilitating ongoing discussions about the eventual merits of, and use cases for, such technology. On the basis of the analysis, the paper identifies a number of issues with the emerging key digital payments and decentralized financed (DeFi) vocabulary, including central bank digital currency (CBDC), crypto-assets, smart contracts, stablecoins, tokenization, and wholesale (as used in the CBDC context). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5007868

The Bank of Israel (BOI) concluded its Digital Shekel Challenge with presentations by the 14 entities selected to develop innovative use cases for the digital shekel. The use cases presented demonstrated the potential of the digital shekel to help create advanced payment solutions and lead innovation in Israel's payment system. First place was awarded to Siara for a platform for returning debtors to an economic growth path, second went to Paypal for a smart payroll payments system, third to IDEMIA for an offline payments solution, and the "People's Choice" to QEDIT for a platform that enhances trust for digital transactions using advanced cryptography. https://www.boi.org.il/en/communication-and-publications/press-releases/the-bank-of-israel-held-a-concluding-conference-for-the-digital-shekel-challenge-today-and-announced-the-winners-of-the-challenge/

"Most Europeans now juggle different cards, apps and devices depending on each payment situation, finding that the convenience of digital payments doesn't always live up to the promise. In the euro area, we are stuck in a fragmented system, where digital payment solutions don't cover all our needs. While you might easily use a card to pay contactless for a meal or a taxi ride in cities like Madrid or Paris, rural areas in Germany or Austria often only accept cash or local debit cards. Similarly, some mobile apps work well for sending money to family or friends but aren't accepted for online purchases or by local businesses. In a nutshell, we still don't have a digital payment solution that works effectively everywhere in the euro area in all payment situations." (ECB Executive Board Member Piero Cipollone)

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has handed the mBridge central bank digital currency (CBDC) based cross-border payments platform over to the central banks of China, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According to BIS General Manager Agustín Carstens, this was not because of "political considerations" but because after the project's four years it is "at a level where the partners can carry it on by themselves". This has happened already with other projects such as the Swiss National Bank's Project Helvetia. By "political considerations", Mr. Carstens was referring to stories that during discussions among central bankers and finance chiefs at the October 2024 International Monetary Fund and World Bank Annual Meetings, concerns were expressed about the fact that China is supplying the platform's key technological backbone, and that China and the UAE are BRICS members. (In that regard it is notable that the U.S. Federal Reserve has not joined the project.) https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp241031.htm

The European Central Bank (ECB) has established a digital euro innovation platform to collaborate with stakeholders. The main goal is to (i) demonstrate how conditional payments could be implemented on a technical level, (ii) provide the opportunity for participants to interact with simulated digital euro interfaces, and (iii) explore additional use cases, ideas and visions that stakeholders may have for the digital euro. The ECB is encouraging all interested stakeholders to contribute, and it will carefully consider all applications before making selections in early January 2025. Selected "visionaries" will be invited to half-day workshops to present their idea to the ECB, and will be asked to provide a summarizing outcome report.