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According to McKinsey, digital payment transactions grew rapidly in emerging markets during the past two years, as the pandemic accelerated shifts to contactless payments and e-commerce. E-wallets proliferated, real-time account-to-account transfers took off, and industry players formed new partnerships to access capabilities and broaden their customer base. Some of the fastest growth occurred in Africa and Southeast Asia, where low banking penetration gives payments providers opportunities to capture untapped potential and reach underserved populations... Margins for digital payments providers are already wafer thin and are likely to be eroded further by competitive intensity and declining fees. In many cases, payments are more a means to cross-sell other products than a profit center in their own right. Some services, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) payments, are usually offered to users for free in most markets. In Brazil, for instance, Pix is pushing margins down by offering P2P payments for free and person-to-merchant (P2M) payments at low cost.

The authors of a recent IMF working paper, based on a study of the declining use of cash for payments relative to payment cards and e-money in 24 of 25 countries studied, concluded that the main impact of the introduction of a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) will be on the usage of cash substitutes. They assume that central banks will likely design their CBDCs to largely match user and merchant benefits associated cards use in terms of convenience, speed of payment, fraud control, and other desirable payment attributes, and then run through the additional incentives that may be required for their adoption and use. These might include zero fees to both users and merchants, and making payments immediately final and available in receivers' bank deposit accounts. However, card schemes may fight back by reducing interchange fees and providing merchants immediate access to card sale revenues and make up the revenue loss elsewhere. Also, card firms that own and supply fast payment services may choose to rely on these newer payment services going forward, providing zero-cost person-to-person mobile payments, as well as person-to-business point of sale transactions and business-to-business invoice payments, with fees paid for by the receiver.

The Eurosystem has a mandate to promote the smooth functioning of the payment system from a holistic perspective. From the perspective of retail payments, the smooth functioning of the payment system means ensuring that, in their tangible interaction with the euro, people and businesses are able to make safe and efficient payments and thus their trust in the currency is maintained. To this end, the Eurosystem is responsible for issuing public money, currently in the form of cash, which may possibly be complemented by a digital version, i.e. a digital euro. In addition, the Eurosystem can act: (i) as a catalyst for change, promoting efficiency in the field of retail payments; (ii) as overseer, setting retail payment standards and rules and ensuring compliance; and (iii) as an operator, having the possibility to set up public infrastructures. The trends at work in the retail payments landscape have the potential to bring benefits to consumers and businesses alike. However, they also carry risk and will require the Eurosystem to take action in its different capacities. This article looks at the changing retail payments ecosystem, before turning to the Eurosystem's multi-faceted policy response and providing perspectives on the way ahead.

FIS published its 2023 Global Payments Report that examines how consumers pay today both in-store and online across 40 global markets. In 2022, there were almost 70 real-time payment (RTP) schemes providing high-speed payment rails that helped drive account-to-account (A2A) payments to account for $525 billion in global e-commerce transaction value, versus $463 billion in 2021. A2A payments flow directly - and often instantly - from a consumer's bank account to a merchant's account, helping to drive down the cost of acceptance for merchants. The growth of A2A in the U.S. mirrors the global trend, with A2A accounting for 9% of e-commerce transaction value in 2022. This is projected to keep growing, fueled in part by consumer use cases arising from the 2023 launch of the Federal Reserve's FedNow payments network, and the existing RTP from The Clearing House and Zelle real-time payment networks

The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has added a new function to its e-CNY payment app so that select Android-based mobile phones can be still be used to make tap-to-pay payments without internet connection or power. Users need to activate the function in the e-yuan app, and can choose how many times it can be used and how much can be paid after their phone shuts down. A verification code needs to be entered on the device if a payment exceeds the code-free quota, and payment will continue only if it passes the system check. Users also can set payment limits in their phone settings. In addition, if users have lost their mobile phones they can log in to the e-yuan app on another mobile phone to suspend the payment-without-power function.

The Capgemini Research Institute published its 2023 World Payments Report. reveals non-cash transaction volumes will reach 1.3 trillion by 2023 globally. As consumers and businesses adopt new digital payment schemes, the report suggests this growth will accelerate to 2.3 trillion by 2027 growing at a rate of 15% annually. At a regional level, digital payments will grow by 19.8% across the Asia Pacific, 10.7% in Europe, and 6.5% in North America by 2027. According to the report, by 2027, new payment methods (instant payments, e-money, digital wallets, account-to-account, and QR code payments) will make up approximately 30% of total volume, with traditional non-cash payments (checks, direct debits, cards, and credit transfers) dropping to around 70% of overall non-cash transaction volumes.

The Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) published a brief that highlights key payment trends as observed in the 2022 Red Book statistics (available at the BIS Data Portal). These statistics were collected in the second half of 2023 from CPMI member jurisdictions. The use of digital payment methods continues to increase, particularly for small amounts. In tandem, cash withdrawals and the number of small-denomination banknotes in circulation have declined. Fast payments reached new heights and are a prominent driver of the digitalisation of countries' payment ecosystems. Even so, consumers continue to use cash to pay at home and abroad: both cross-border card and e-money payments and cross-border cash withdrawals increased sharply in 2022. (Data portal: https://data.bis.org/topics?topicFilter=CPMI)

Sveriges Riksbank published the fourth and final report on its e-krona proof-of-concept (PoC) work ( the report calls it a "technical pilot" but a "pilot" involves real users transferring real central bank digital currency (CBDC) in limited ways). The solution reserves e-krona for offline use in a "shadow" wallet in the online system. The payment instrument in the form of a payment card records the shadow wallet's balance and subsequent offline transactions. The actual e-kronas issued by the Riksbank never leave the online system and only change hands when the payment instruments are synchronized. The report concludes that offline payments are viable, but "a secure and functional offline solution requires a lot of development work on technology, regulations and processes".

Blockchain for Europe published a roadmap for the future of payments in a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) oriented European economy. The paper provides an analytical framework dividing the digital payments value chain into three pillars: the contract execution system, the digital payment infrastructure, and the monetary unit. Based on this framework, the authors compare technology platforms, public and private sector payment solutions, including a bridge solution, e-money tokens, and central bank digital currency (CBDC) including "synthetic" CBDC. It concludes that the optimal payment solution for Europe would be a DLT-based euro CBDC but it is unlikely that it will be implemented in the short term, and unclear if it will address all the challenges and needs of the European economy and its consumers.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has approved a new oversight framework for electronic payments following a public consultation. The Eurosystem will use the new payment instruments, schemes and arrangements (PISA) framework to oversee companies enabling or supporting the use of payment cards, credit transfers, direct debits, e-money transfers and digital payment tokens, including electronic wallets. It will also cover crypto-asset-related services, such as the acceptance of crypto-assets by merchants within a card payment scheme and the option to send, receive or pay with crypto-assets via an electronic wallet.

Sveriges Riksbank responded to the Parliamentary Payment Inquiry report that was published in March 2023. It agreed with the report's conclusion that too many people lack access to both digital and cash payments and that the state needs to take further measures to make digital systems more accessible, less vulnerable and more reliable. Legislation on cash needs to be tightened up so that retailers are obliged to accept cash as payment for essential goods, with exceptions, such as for smaller businesses. Also, banks should offer payment accounts with limited functionality. However, the Riksbank considers that the Inquiry has not gone far enough in its proposals for a future state role in the payment system and that, for example, legislative work on a possible e-krona should begin immediately. And although the Riksbank agrees with the Inquiry's proposals on state guarantees for offline card payments, regulatory push and technical standards are also required.

The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the People's Bank of China (PBOC) are expanding the scope of the e-CNY pilot in Hong Kong to facilitate the set up and the use of e-CNY wallets by Hong Kong residents, as well as the top-up of e-CNY wallets through the Faster Payment System (FPS). This marks the world's first linkage of a faster payment system with a central bank digital currency (CBDC) system. Users can now set up e-CNY personal wallets in Hong Kong, which requires only their Hong Kong mobile phone numbers. The e-CNY wallets can then be used for cross-boundary payments to merchants, but not person-to-person (P2P) transfers.

"The ECB's Governing Council has taken significant steps to support the full deployment of instant payments across the euro area, in line with objectives shared with the European Commission. Pan-European instant payments can be ensured by the end of 2021. All Payment Service Providers (PSPs) which have adhered to the SCT Inst scheme and are reachable in TARGET2 should also become reachable in a TIPS central bank money liquidity account, either as a participant or as reachable party (i.e. through the account of another PSP which is a participant). At the same time, all Automated Clearing Houses (ACHs) offering instant payment services should migrate their technical accounts from TARGET2 to TIPS. The Eurosystem will discuss with ACHs and PSPs whether a migration window is needed for this purpose. The ultimate goal is to enable European citizens to make electronic payments in euro from and to any country in real time, both in physical shops and online."

The Capgemini World Payments Report 2021 found that, thanks to COVID-19 and the growing digital appetite of customers, demand for digital payment options is greater than ever before, along with the expectations for fast transaction settlements, instant payments, e-money, failsafe security, and wow-factor customer experience. The report found that nearly 45% of consumers frequently use mobile wallets to make payments (>20 transactions a year) up from 23% in the 2020 poll. Furthering this trend, global B2B non-cash transactions will increase to reach nearly 200 billion transactions by 2025, from 121.5 billion in 2020.

"In recent years, the rise in digital payment innovations such as contactless cards and Interac e‑Transfer has spurred a discussion about the future of cash at the point of sale. The COVID-19 pandemic has also contributed to this discussion: While consumers reported that some merchants started to refuse cash early on in the pandemic, such reported refusals dropped as the pandemic progressed. The Bank of Canada's most recent Merchant Acceptance Survey (MAS) took place in 2018, prompting a need for updated data to study merchant cash acceptance, payment trends and conditions for the potential issuance of a central bank digital currency (Lane 2020, 2021a). Against this background, the Bank conducted the 2021-22 MAS Pilot Study to monitor payment methods accepted by small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). Survey data was collected from merchants in two batches, in late 2021 and early 2022. Our results show that 97% of SMBs in Canada accepted cash in 2021-22 and only 3% have plans to stop accepting cash. For cards and digital payments, merchant acceptance has increased since 2018. Additionally, the acceptance of different payment methods varies by the size of the merchant, industry and region."

Nepal's central bank has given approval to Nepal Clearing House to operate the national payment switch. The payment gateway will integrate multiple banks, digital payment vendors into one system enabling them to transfer funds. In the first phase, all non-card transactions that are done through mobile banking, e-banking, e-wallet or QR code will be routed through the switch. In the third phase, all domestic electronic transactions will be routed through the switch.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore opened up direct access to the banking system's retail payments infrastructure to eligible non-bank financial institutions (NFIs) from February 2021. NFIs that are licenced as major payment institutions under the Payment Services Act will be allowed to connect directly to Fast and Secure Transfers (FAST) and PayNow. This will enable users of NFI e-wallets to make real-time funds transfers between bank accounts and e-wallets as well as across different e-wallets. Currently, most e-wallets require the use of debit or credit cards to top-up funds, and funds transfers between e-wallets are not possible.

The People's Bank of China is reportedly working with the Hong Kong Monetary Authority on adding cross-border payment features to China's e-CNY retail CBDC. They've run preliminary technical tests with a limited number of Hong Kong residents who could create e-CNY wallets with basic features, such as top-up, transfer and payments to certain merchants. And now they're exploring approaches for interlinking the e-CNY and the Faster Payment System in Hong Kong.

This CPMI report, and its accompanying technical background report, represent the output of Stage 2 of the three-stage process coordinated by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to develop a global roadmap for enhancing cross-border payments. It identifies 19 "building blocks" where further joint public and private sector work could enhance cross-border payments, and supports a global approach to addressing the underlying frictions identified in the Stage 1 report published by the FSB. The 19 building blocks are arranged into five focus areas, four of which (focus areas A to D) seek to enhance the existing payments ecosystem, while focus area E is more exploratory and covers emerging payment infrastructures and arrangements. The report concludes with a set of considerations around these building blocks that support the Stage 3 work to develop the roadmap.

The digital yuan is entering an already very crowded payments market in China, with smartphone apps WeChat Pay and Alipay already dominating the electronic payments sector. Businesses reported minimal differences in processing payments with the e-yuan compared to existing mobile payment products, although they did note that it does not cost them an additional service free unlike both WeChat Pay and Alipay. Also, payments via the digital yuan can be made without connecting to the internet.