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"The Politics of Securitizing Disaster Risk Reduction"

"n "the science of success," Charles Koch highlights the problems created when property owners "don't benefit from all the value they create and don't bear the full cost from whatever value they destroy." He is particularly concerned about the "tragedy of the commons," in which shared resources are abused because there's no individual accountability. "The biggest problems in society," he writes, "have occurred in those areas thought to be best controlled in common: the atmosphere, bodies of water, air. . . ." But in the real world, Koch Industries has used its political might to beat back the very market-based mechanisms - including a cap-and-trade market for carbon pollution - needed to create the ownership rights for pollution that Charles says would improve the functioning of capitalism. In fact, it appears the very essence of the Koch business model is to exploit breakdowns in the free market. Koch has profited precisely by dumping billions of pounds of pollutants into our waters and skies - essentially for free. It racks up enormous profits from speculative trades lacking economic value that drive up costs for consumers and create risks for our economy."

"the bond can be triggered in a number of different ways, including when an issuer's losses amount to a certain figure, or when certain parameters such as wind speed exceed a particular threshold. Thus modeling of these parameters by independent agents plays a crucial role in determining who gets paid and when."