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Bone graft and substitutes are terms used for the artificial replacement of bones. These replacements are usually made from artificial titanium. They are used to treat injuries caused by a fracture or other damages to the bones.

Microspheres materials have long been used as drug carriers in clinical trials. The physical size of microspheres is usually in the micrometer range. Microspheres mainly are formed of biodegradable polymers but there are other materials also used as microspheres like carbon black, cobalt oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, and boron oxide.