Messmer, David. "If Not In The Word, In The Sound": Frederick Douglass's
Mediation Of Literacy Through Song." Atq 21.1 (2007): 5-21. Academic
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I am writing my paper of African American Literacy and how this correlates with our current community literacy. I though it would be interested to note that before black could actually read they made sound. Although this may sound unconventional it is very important to know that before slave physically displayed resistance they resisted slavery by making sound. It was through sound that they matriculated to reading. Douglas is a prime example of this, his aural abilities are what helped him the most in his effort to escape and get to the north.