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In other words, in too many cases the lower-achieving students receive, perhaps, an hour of appropriate instruction each day and four hours of instruction based on grade-level texts they cannot read.

No child who spends 80 percent of his instructional time in texts that are inappropriately difficult will make much progress academically.

These exemplary teachers routinely offered direct, explicit demonstrations of the cognitive strategies used by good readers when they read. In other words, they modeled the thinking that skilled readers engage while they attempt to decode a word, self-monitor for understanding, summarize while reading, or edit when composing. The "watch me" or "let me demonstrate" stance they took seems quite different from the "assign and assess" stance that dominates in less-effective classrooms (e.g., Adams, 1990; Durkin, 1978-79).

I must also note that we observed almost no test-preparation activity in these classrooms. None of the teachers relied on the increasingly popular commercial test preparation materials (e.g., workbooks, software). Instead, these teachers believed that good instruction, rich instruction, would lead to enhanced test performances.

unders

e specialist vocabulary of a particular profession or community

n software

real estate agent

It’s not just that nominalization can sap the vitality of one’s speech or prose; it can also eliminate context and mask any sense of agency.

: nouns get verbed as often as verbs get nouned.

nebulous or fuzzy seem stable, mechanical and precisely defined

repudiating ambiguity and complexity.

priority to actions rather than to the people responsible for them.

t often they conceal power relationships and reduce our sense of what’s truly involved in a transaction.

instrument of manipulation,