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Students were tracked into the various curricula based largely on IQ but sometimes other factors such as race and skin color.

public schools have done away with "tracking"

deemed low achievers or of low cognitive ability?

Jonathan Kozol brought accusations against a system they found racist and sadistic.

to restore equity to

Kozol and others did not go away, and the progressive watchword in education has continued to be "equality."

-- a practice viewed by many in the education establishment as synonymous with tracking

Unfortunately, the efforts and philosophies of otherwise well-meaning individuals have attempted to eliminate the achievement gap by eliminating achievement.

In other words, the elimination of ability grouping has become a tracking system in itself that leaves many students behind.

Dallas Independent School District

The rise of computer-aided learning might make it easier for them to instruct students who learn at different rates.

this enables students placed in lower-ability classes to advance to higher-ability classes based on their performance and progress.

Seven Habits of Highly Effective People -- a set of universal, timeless, self-evident principles common to every enduring, prospering society, organization, or family. I take no credit for these principles. I simply organized, sequenced and articulated them. These principles include 1) taking personal responsibility and initiative, 2) getting clear about what's important to you and setting goals, 3) putting those priorities first and being disciplined, 4) seeking mutual benefit in all interactions with others -- the golden rule, 5) seeking to understand others from their perspective first before making your point, 6) valuing differences and creating third-alternative solutions to problems that are better than "my way" or "your way," and 7) taking care of and renewing yourself in all four areas of life -- body, mind, heart and spirit.

The approach is inside-out, with the teachers and administrators learning, living and modeling the principles themselves first, and then, at the most basic level, integrating the principles into their teaching every day. There is no new curriculum. The principles of effectiveness are creatively woven by teachers into every subject -- reading, math, history, science, social studies, art, etc. From the moment they walk into the school each day until the final bell rings, the children soak in their adult leaders' belief that they are leaders of their own lives, have unique talents, and can make a difference.

We don't define leadership as becoming the CEO or the few percent who will end up in big leadership positions. We are talking about leading your own life, being a leader among your friends, being a leader in your own family. Leadership, as one school put it, is doing the right thing even when no one is looking.

The world has moved into one of the most profound eras of change in human history.

many ways for a school to be “good

Normative questions are not easily settled by empirical means

a craft model of professionalism