From the 1870s onward, the ideas that history and civilization were inherently progressive and that progress was always good came under increasing attack.
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection undermined the religious certainty
Karl Marx argued there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system
The miseries of industrial urbanism and the possibilities created by scientific examination of subjects brought changes that would shake a European civilization which had, until then, regarded itself as having a continuous and progressive line of development from the Renaissance. With the telegraph's harnessing of a new power, offering instant communication at a distance, the experience of time itself was altered.