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Amira .

Complexity Rising: From Human Beings to Human Civilization, a Complexity Profile by Yan... - 0 views

  • This article analyzes the human social environment using the "complexity profile," a mathematical tool for characterizing the collective behavior of a system. The analysis is used to justify the qualitative observation that complexity of existence has increased and is increasing. The increase in complexity is directly related to sweeping changes in the structure and dynamics of human civilizationthe increasing interdependence of the global economic and social system and the instabilities of dictatorships, communism and corporate hierarchies. Our complex social environment is consistent with identifying global human civilization as an organism capable of complex behavior that protects its components (us) and which should be capable of responding effectively to complex environmental demands.
  • What is generally not recognized is that the relationship between collective global behavior and the internal structure of human civilization can be characterized through mathematical concepts that apply to all complex systems. An analysis based upon these mathematical concepts suggests that human civilization itself is an organism capable of behaviors that are of greater complexity than those of an individual human being. In order to understand the significance of this statement, one must recognize that collective behaviors are typically simpler than the behavior of components. Only when the components are connected in networks of specialized function can complex collective behaviors arise.
  • The goal of this article is to extend the systematic understanding of collective or cooperative behavior so as to characterize such behavior in physical, biological and social systems.
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  • Random, coherent and correlated behaviors illustrate the relationship between the behavior of parts and the collective behavior of a system. In both random and coherent behavior the collective behavior of the system is simple. Correlated behavior gives rise to complex collective behavior. Examples illustrating these types of behavior can be found in physical, biological and social systems.
  • The complexity profile is a mathematical tool that is designed to capture important aspects of the relationship between the behavior of parts of a system and the behavior of the entire system. Behaviors of the system are assigned a scale which is related to the ability of an observer to see that behavior. Typically, larger scale behaviors involve coordination between more parts and/or larger amounts of energy. The complexity profile counts the number of behaviors that are observable at a particular scale, which includes all behaviors assigned to that scale or larger scales. When a system is formed out of independent parts, the behaviors are on a small scale. When a system is formed out of parts that all move in the same direction, the behavior is on the largest scale. When a system is formed out of parts whose behaviors are partially correlated and partially independent then as we look at the system on finer and finer scales we see more and more details. This is characteristic of complex systems formed out of specialized and correlated parts. Such systems have a complexity profile that declines gradually with scale.
  • Hierarchical organizations are designed to impose correlations in human behavior primarily through the influence of the hierarchical control structure. In an ideal hierarchy all influences/communications between two "workers" must travel through a common manager. As the complexity of collective behavior increases, the number of independent influences increases, and a manager becomes unable to process/communicate all of them. Increasing the number of managers and decreasing the branching ratio (the number of individuals supervised by one manager) helps. However, this strategy is defeated when the complexity of collective behavior increases beyond the complexity of an individual. Networks allowing more direct lateral interactions do not suffer from this limitation.
  • From this argument it is possible to begin to understand processes of historical change in human organizational structures. Human organizations exist within an environment that places demands upon them. If the complexity of these demands exceeds the complexity of an organization, the organization will be likely to fail. Thus, those organizations that survive must have a complexity sufficiently large to respond to the complexity of environmental demands at the scale of these demands. As a result, a form of evolutionary change occurs due to competition. Competition is relevant because for human organizations, the environment itself is formed in part out of organizations of human beings. According to this argument, one can expect a self-consistent process of complexity increase where competition between organizations causes the behavior of one organization to serve as part of the environment in which others must survive.
  • he history of human civilization reflects a progressive increase in the complexity of large scale behaviors. Early civilizations introduced a few relatively simple large scale behaviors by use of many individuals (slaves or soldiers) performing the same repetitive task. Progressive specialization with coordination increased the complexity of large scale behaviors. The industrial revolution accelerated this process which continues till today. When the complexity of collective behaviors increases beyond that of an individual human being then hierarchical controls become ineffective. Hierarchically controled systems must yield to networked systems. Note that a system which has fixed energy and material can change its complexity profile only by transfering activities from one scale to another. Increasing complexity at one scale must be compensated by decreasing complexity at another scale. However, an increasing human population, and the addition of sources of energy during the industrial revolution (coal, oil and gas), violated these conditions, enabling the complexity to increase on all scales. As indicated on the horizontal axis, the scale of human civilization also increased.
  • The most dramatic increases in the complexity of organizational behavior followed the industrial revolution. The use of new energy sources and automation enabled larger scale behavior in and of itself. This, in turn, enabled higher complexity behaviors of human systems because the amplification of the behavior to a larger scale can be accomplished by the use of energy rather than by task repetition.
  • A schematic history of human civilization reflects a growing complexity of the collective behavior of human organizations. The internal structure of organizations changed from the large branching ratio hierarchies of ancient civilizations, through decreasing branching ratios of massive hierarchical bureaucracies, to hybrid systems where lateral connections appear to be more important than the hierarchy. As the importance of lateral interactions increases, the boundaries between subsystems become porous. The increasing collective complexity also is manifest in the increaseing specialization and diversity of professions. Among the possible future organizational structures are fully networked systems where hierarchical structures are unimportant.
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    Since time immemorial humans have complained that life is becoming more complex, but it is only now that we have a hope to analyze formally and verify this lament. This article analyzes the human social environment using the "complexity profile," a mathematical tool for characterizing the collective behavior of a system. The analysis is used to justify the qualitative observation that complexity of existence has increased and is increasing. The increase in complexity is directly related to sweeping changes in the structure and dynamics of human civilizationthe increasing interdependence of the global economic and social system and the instabilities of dictatorships, communism and corporate hierarchies. Our complex social environment is consistent with identifying global human civilization as an organism capable of complex behavior that protects its components (us) and which should be capable of responding effectively to complex environmental demands.
india art n design

Tubular Steel amidst Victorian Architecture - 0 views

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    Why are more and more old buildings being complimented by modern structures in close proximity? When should one design contextually? Are there any set tenets? Read about Ar. Zaha Hadid's new steel structure at the Oxford University building and leave us your views...
india art n design

Set Design or Structural Architecture? Or two ends of the same Rainbow? - 0 views

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    "Stage and set design, and structural architecture are simply two ends of the same rainbow," says Mark Fisher of Stufish Entertainment Architects. Agree/ disagree? Check out their latest offerings in Wuhan and give us your views...http://globalhop.indiaartndesign.com/2015/01/set-design-or-structural-architecture.html
india art n design

Engineered Art - 0 views

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    The Musical Theatre and the Exhibition Hall in Rhike Park by Studio Fuksas is a modern structure inserted in the urban fabric of old town Tbilisi. Sitting on a 2.5 acre plot, the structure is sure to take your breath away! Read on to know more here...
india art n design

Structural Design as Cultural Metaphor - 0 views

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    Can an emotional response to architecture trigger deeper respect for a building or for its cultural metaphor? Check out AGi architects' proposal for the Qatar courthouse that references brutalist utopias and leave us your views...http://globalhop.indiaartndesign.com/2015/01/structural-design-as-cultural-metaphor.html
india art n design

An ode to fun and form - 0 views

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    Marc Fornes of THEVERYMANY designs Marquise - a billowing ultra-thin, lightweight aluminum structure that entirely transforms the approach and initial experience of a standard building entrance into a dramatic experience of threshold, and an icon that redefines the public in El Paso, Texas.
india art n design

An ultra-thin projection into the future! - 0 views

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    Designer Marc Fornes of Theverymany studio experiments with ultra-thin material to explore structural strength of a free-standing structure. Could this be the start of another break-through in architecture? Read here and give us your views
india art n design

What is the office of the future going to be like? - 0 views

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    Work rules our lives today more than ever, and technology allows work to invade our leisure time. @unstudio along with USM's booth structurally demonstrates this concept of blurring work-home boundaries via exhibition design at the just concluded Salone. Read more…
revisesociology

How Sociology Notes Help To Do Structured Study of Sociology - 0 views

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    Are you searching for the best platform to do sociology studies? Then, you can end your search with us. Our website is known for the best sociology study materials that are easy to understand and easy to prepare for exams. We focus on students' basic needs and make them simple for students.
india art n design

Unique homes with a view! - 0 views

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    Studioninedots' latest apartment building is a pre-fab concrete structure on the waterfront in Amsterdam
india art n design

Nazrul Tirtha: Poetry in Concrete - 0 views

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    When architecture draws parallel with life's philosophies, the structure becomes a living-breathing voice bridging the 'now' with the 'then. Check out this tribute to revolutionary poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and leave us your views…
thinkahol *

Technology: Necessary but Insufficient for Human Survival | Thinkahol's Blog - 0 views

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    In the context of technology the only way out is through. Global society is dependent on artificially inflated energy resources-i.e. oil-that are directly leading us toward total collapse. Technology is being used to most efficiently maximize wealth of the largest corporate conglomerates at the expense of the social fabric and a living environment. The biosphere is in fact collapsing. The technology exists to solve our technical problems but the solutions do not seem like they will be effectively put to use. The power structures concentrating money off the status quo are too entrenched. Each human is called on to become more aware.
thinkahol *

When Change Is Not Enough: The Seven Steps To Revolution | OurFuture.org - 0 views

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    "Those who make peaceful evolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable."- John F. KennedyThere's one thing for sure: 2008 isn't anything like politics as usual.The corporate media (with their unerring eye for the obvious point) is fixated on the narrative that, for the first time ever, Americans will likely end this year with either a woman or a black man headed for the White House. Bloggers are telling stories from the front lines of primaries and caucuses that look like something from the early 60s - people lining up before dawn to vote in Manoa, Hawaii yesterday; a thousand black college students in Prairie View, Texas marching 10 miles to cast their early votes in the face of a county that tried to disenfranchise them. In recent months, we've also been gobstopped by the sheer passion of the insurgent campaigns of both Barack Obama and Ron Paul, both of whom brought millions of new voters into the conversation - and with them, a sharp critique of the status quo and a new energy that's agitating toward deep structural change.There's something implacable, earnest, and righteously angry in the air. And it raises all kinds of questions for burned-out Boomers and jaded Gen Xers who've been ground down to the stump by the mostly losing battles of the past 30 years. Can it be - at long last - that Americans have, simply, had enough? Are we, finally, stepping out to take back our government - and with it, control of our own future? Is this simply a shifting political season - the kind we get every 20 to 30 years - or is there something deeper going on here? Do we dare to raise our hopes that this time, we're going to finally win a few? Just how ready is this country for big, serious, forward-looking change?Recently, I came across a pocket of sociological research that suggested a tantalizing answer to these questions - and also that America may be far more ready for far more change than anyone really believes is possible at this moment. In fac
thinkahol *

The Truth about 'Class War' in America | Common Dreams - 0 views

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    The tax structure imposed by Washington on the US over the last half-century has seen a massive double shift of the burden of taxation: from corporations to individuals and from the richest individuals to everyone else. If the national debate wants seriously to use a term like "class war" to describe Washington's tax policies, then the reality is that the class war's winners have been corporations and the rich
india art n design

Dynamism in Design - 0 views

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    ArteCharpentier & Abciss-Architectes propose a dynamic iconic structure on the Paris waterfront, giving it more power without concealing the sea view and providing instant appeal to the visitors. http://globalhop.indiaartndesign.com/2015/01/dynamism-in-design.html
india art n design

India Art n Design Global Hop : Arvo Pärt Sound Cloud - 0 views

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    Sound Cloud is a symphonic embodiment of music dedicated to Estonian musician par excellence, Avro Pärt. Read here and leave us your views on the surreal structure and its tranquil environs…
india art n design

madomhouse_harimohanpillai_indiaartndesign (11) - 0 views

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    A home built in 1905 located in Anthikkad village, Thrissur, Kerala, gets a fresh lease of life after hundred years in 2005, under the aegis of Dr. Harimohan Pillai, principal architect, Archiestudio. IAnD captures the process behind the restoration of this vernacular structure that was completed in 2014… http://inditerrain.indiaartndesign.com/2014/11/breathing-life-into-100-yr-old-home-in.html
india art n design

Modernized Traditional Living - 0 views

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    Skyward Inc Architects' concrete structure features Vastu principles along with modern aesthetics
india art n design

A performance-based approach to design - 0 views

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    Architecture Interspace designs this auditorium in Puducherry to integrate function, structure and connectivity - an experiential space uniquely shaped by materials, lighting, and dynamic features.
india art n design

Live the Peacock life! - 0 views

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    Designer duo Falguni and Shane Peacock have taken the traditional couture scene by storm with their structured lehengas that speak of royal origins and are juxtaposed with delicate trimmings that accentuate feminity. Check out the collection here…
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