The collective behavior of ants, TED talk by the writer to follow

Another response to the book, The Wisdom of Crowds, by Surowiecki, and You Are Not a Gadget, by Jaron Lanier with 2 definitions of intelligence and their limitations. Further comments to the post by readers.

A tremendous treasury of articles on collective intelligence from  2017- 2007

The paper is organized as follows. It starts with a brief clarification of the target phenomenon: wisdom of crowds, in Surowiecki's book, covers a wide variety of phenomena which cannot be encompassed within a single approach, and I will spell out where my focus lies, viz. in the 'mindless' processes of aggregation of individual cognitive competences which tend to result in cognitive progress. I will then propose a contrastive characterization of rationality, intelligence and wisdom, as they apply to individuals. Next I will examine the possibility of extending these terms to collective entities or processes (leaving rationality to the side, for reasons which will become clear) and ask to what extent wisdom of crowds can be regarded as a form or realization of collective intelligence and/or collective wisdom. The answer will turn out to depend on which variety of collective processes one is considering: wisdom of crowds in the sense which is central to Surowiecki's argument will qualify as collective intelligence, not as collective wisdom. I will argue, on the other hand, that there exists a more familiar kind of collective process which does meet the requirements on a reasonable extension of the concept of wisdom to the collective level, but is at best distantly related to what Surowiecki reports on and commends.

 It's one of the strange byproducts of the Obama era that many white people have begun to understand themselves in the explicit terms of identity politics, long the province of those on the margins.

waste/ byproduct

Design Complexity- waste

by-product

by-products

by-product= aesthetic meaning of used technology?

By products

Pepperdine Christian, Communication and Ethnopolitical. conflict Notes by a student. I looked into the school as much as possible to understand it's political vantage, didn't see anything out-standing

byproduct as children of expats  (could be children of military , or any other population)

with sticky note

byproduct of social epidemic

More than 90% of the stuff that comes out of a whisky distillery is not whisky.