However, Koster's definition is only a part of his aesthetic judgement concerning games. In his justly acclaimed book A Theory of Fun for Game Design (2005), pictured above, Koster provides a definition of fun in which he expressly excludes all manner of experiences as fun. For instance, rollercoasters only provide "visceral fun" and are thus 'not fun' according to Koster's approach. Here we can see value judgements coming to bear on the aesthetics of play not from the conceptual approach to 'game' but from the conceptualisation of 'fun'. That Koster excludes all kinds of "visceral fun" as being fun is one of the strangest value judgements in the entire discourse of game studies, since to a great many players these kinds of experience are the very essence of fun. Instead, Koster positions learning as the central experience of fun, stating:
Games are puzzles to solve, just like everything else we encounter in life [and] serve as very fundamental and powerful learning tools.
pjt111 taylor on 20 May 13" Startups fail to scale up because without the right tools, resistance takes them out. Every startup faces the resistance of risk, confusion, opportunity, and fear. How leaders deal with these issues often spell the difference between success and failure. Examining the patterns that lead to failure of several promising startups will help participants see the warning signs. Startups that successfully scale up follow five simple disciplines. They become students of startup resistance; They build a mission and business model that inspire, create value, and bring clarity; They consistently act on and take responsibility for their top priorities; They regularly learn, adapt, and iterate their plans as necessary; and They create a culture of character and principle that brings out the best in the team."
