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Gale Science In Context - Document - 0 views

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shared by Miral Tripathi on 14 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • ammonium compounds were used in rites honoring the god Ammon
    • Miral Tripathi
      Miral Tripathi on 14 Feb 13
       
      The uses of Ammonia during ancient times
  • three parts hydrogen and one part nitrogen
    • Miral Tripathi
      Miral Tripathi on 14 Feb 13
       
      NH3 learned from last year
  • German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch learned how to make ammonia in large quantities by high-pressure catalytic reactions of nitrogen (from air) with hydrogen.
    • Miral Tripathi
      Miral Tripathi on 14 Feb 13
       
      Origins of the Haber-Bosch process
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Ammonium hydroxide exhibits the characteristics of a weak base, turning litmus paper blue, and neutralizing acids with the formation of ammonium salts.
    • Miral Tripathi
      Miral Tripathi on 14 Feb 13
       
      properties of ammonium hydroxide
  • In liquid or frozen ammonia, the molecules attract one another through sharing a hydrogen atom between one molecule and the next, called hydrogen bonding. In this attraction, called association, compounds apparently containing free electrons can be obtained by treating sodium/ammonia solutions with complexing agents.
    • Miral Tripathi
      Miral Tripathi on 14 Feb 13
       
      Bonding properties
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 1 views

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shared by vinaireddy123 on 14 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • is a sharp-smelling, flammable, and toxic gas that is very soluble in water, where it acts as a base in its chemical reactions
    • vinaireddy123
      vinaireddy123 on 14 Feb 13
       
      characteristics of Ammonia
  • may have been the source of nitrogen for the earliest forms of life
  • n liquid or frozen ammonia, the molecules attract one another through sharing a hydrogen atom between one molecule and the next, called hydrogen bonding.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • When dry, this substance is so sensitive that the lightest touch will cause it to explode with a crackling sound and a puff of purple iodine vapor.
    • vinaireddy123
      vinaireddy123 on 14 Feb 13
       
      Interesting....
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 9 views

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shared by Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst,
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      use of catalyst
    • jeet shah
      jeet shah on 14 Feb 13
       
      The iron catalyst is simply used to speed up BOTH the forward and reverse reactions. It does not change the magnitude or state of either reaction
  • the Haber-Bosch process.
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      This is the process by which ammonia is industrially made
  • Ammonia (boiling point -28.03°F [-33.35°C])
    • Chennupati Surya
      Chennupati Surya on 14 Feb 13
       
      Ammonia is a Gas at room temperature
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      Since Ammonia has such a low boiling point of -28.03 degrees Farenheit, it provides insight as to why ammonia is a gas at room temperature.
    • Dhatri Nandyala
      Dhatri Nandyala on 14 Feb 13
       
      Why does ammonia have such low boiling point?
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      Ammonia has such a low boilling point because of the properties of the bonds and the elements that it is composed of.
  • ...61 more annotations...
  • Urea eventually reacts with water to form ammonia
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      Could this be used to produce usable ammonia?
    • Vikrant Garg
      Vikrant Garg on 14 Feb 13
       
      Probably; however, this process may be too painstaking to ever be rendered effective. 
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      and not very cost effective.
  • High pressure conditions (150-250 bar) are used, and temperatures range from 752-932°F (400-500°C).
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      specific conditions used
    • Chennupati Surya
      Chennupati Surya on 14 Feb 13
       
      A moderately high temperature is used even though the process is exothermic because the rate cannot be slowed down too much or else the process will take too long and profits will be lost.
  • reacting calcium carbide with nitrogen at high temperatures
    • OB Rahim
      OB Rahim on 14 Feb 13
       
      CaC2 + N2 → CaCN2 + C
    • OB Rahim
      OB Rahim on 14 Feb 13
       
      CaC2 + N2 → CaCN2 + C
  • The mixed gases circulate through the catalyst, ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated.
  •  The mixed gases circulate through the catalyst, ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated
  • The mixed gases circulate through the catalyst, ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated
  •      The mixed gases circulate through the catalyst, ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated .
  • The
    • Dhanushya Battepati
      Dhanushya Battepati on 14 Feb 13
       
      ammonia can act as a base and acid
  • Ammonia is manufactured by the 1reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst, which is known as 1the Haber-Bosch process. The reaction is exothermic and is accompanied by a concentration in volume. (The ammonia occupies less volume than the gases from which it is made.) High pressure conditions (150-250 bar) are used, and temperatures range from 752-932°F (400-500°C).
  • Ammonium hydroxide exhibits the characteristics of a weak base
    • Yashas Vaidya
      Yashas Vaidya on 14 Feb 13
       
      characteristics of ammonia
  • The mixed gases circulate through the catalyst, ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated
    • Japnam Jassal
      Japnam Jassal on 14 Feb 13
       
      Circulation of reactants
  • A recent toxic substance inventory done by the United States government estimated that in 1989, 200,000 tons of ammonia were released into the environment.
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      This raises the question of the extent to which we should be controlling production of pollutants; in this case, it is ammonia.
    • Aditya Yelamanchi
      Aditya Yelamanchi on 14 Feb 13
       
      I think that we should be more careful with how much ammonia we produce.
  • The mixed gases circulate through the catalyst, ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated
    • Japnam Jassal
      Japnam Jassal on 14 Feb 13
       
      Circulation of the reactants
  • high-pressure catalytic reactions of nitrogen (from air) with hydrogen.
    • Akansha A
      Akansha A on 14 Feb 13
       
      Catalyst speeds reaction while pressure pushes forward reaction (equilibrium shifts to the right)
  • It also has the ability to dissolve cellulose, and has been used in the process for making regenerated cellulose fibers, or rayon
    • Dhatri Nandyala
      Dhatri Nandyala on 14 Feb 13
       
      another purpose of copper(II) ammonia complex
  • Ammonium salts of oxidizing anions--nitrate, dichromate, and perchlorate--are unstable and can explode or deflagrate when heated
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      Ammonia is NH3, but ammonium NH4. I believe the structure of ammonia is trigonal pyramidal and then ammonium has a structure of tetrahedral.
  • German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch learned how to make ammonia in large quantities by high-pressure catalytic reactions of nitrogen (from air) with hydrogen.
    • Kobir Hussain
      Kobir Hussain on 14 Feb 13
       
      optimized reaction using Le Chatelier's Principle
  • World ammonia production is about 100 million tons per year, which amounts to about 40 pounds (18 kg) for each person on Earth.
    • OB Rahim
      OB Rahim on 14 Feb 13
       
      Do we really need this much?
    • Yashas Vaidya
      Yashas Vaidya on 14 Feb 13
       
      yes
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      Most probably not.
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      I do not necessarily think we "need" the ammonia produced. Ammonia's largest role is being part of, or being, a fertilizer. Ammonia reacts well with what is in the soil, and ammonia would provide nutrients once it breaks down.
  • The gases that enter the catalytic converter must be highly purified and free of sulfur compounds, which adversely affect the catalyst
    • jeet shah
      jeet shah on 14 Feb 13
       
      Why must it be free of sulfur compounds? How does it affect the catalyst?
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      I'm guessing that the Sulfur compounds would react with the Iron catalyst, thus lowering its efficiency.
    • Dhatri Nandyala
      Dhatri Nandyala on 14 Feb 13
       
      How do even the sulfur compounds come in the process?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      Yep, you'll get a layer of iron sulfide on the outside of the iron - so iron will not be able to act at catalyst.
  • lime
    • Kobir Hussain
      Kobir Hussain on 14 Feb 13
       
      What is lime?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      CaO
    • Japnam Jassal
      Japnam Jassal on 14 Feb 13
       
      CaO
    • Kobir Hussain
      Kobir Hussain on 14 Feb 13
       
      Thank you for telling me.
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      It's a general term for inorganic compounds that contain calcium
  • United States production of ammonia reached 17 million tons in 1991, and demand was even larger than U.S. production, leading to about two million tons of imports. World ammonia production is about 100 million tons per year, which amounts to about 40 pounds (18 kg) for each person on Earth.
    • Kaeley McGrane
      Kaeley McGrane on 14 Feb 13
       
      What conditions explain why the US, (one country, large but not the largest) is using almost 20% of the world's industrial prodution of ammonia? Is this justified?
  • It is often found that considerable heat is absorbed when ammonium salts dissolve in water, leading to dramatic reduction in temperature.
    • Dhatri Nandyala
      Dhatri Nandyala on 14 Feb 13
       
      Thus it is endothermic
  • the 1
  • It is often found that considerable heat is absorbed when ammonium salts dissolve in water, leading to dramatic reduction in temperature.
    • Akansha A
      Akansha A on 14 Feb 13
       
      Endothermic reactions of ammonium salts and H2O
  • free electrons can be obtained by treating sodium/ammonia solutions with complexing agents.
  • hydrogen treatment of magnetite
  • A large ammonia plant might have as much as 100 tons of catalyst.
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      If the ammonia plant has such a large amount of catalyst, the reaction of creating and decomposing ammonia would be ongoing and occur much more quickly compared to how it would've reacted without a catalyst.
    • Kaeley McGrane
      Kaeley McGrane on 14 Feb 13
       
      This would also imply that, economically, the use of a catalyst increases the efficiency of the reaction by so much that the cost of 100 tons of catalyst is equal to or less than the money saved by speeding up this reaction
  •  free electrons can be obtained by treating sodium/ammonia solutions with complexing agents.
  • The largest use of ammonia is in fertilizers, which are applied to the soil and help provide increased yields of crops such as corn, wheat, and soybeans. Liquid ammonia, ammonia/water solutions, and chemicals made from ammonia, such as ammonium salts and urea, are all used as sources of soluble nitrogen. Urea, which is made from ammonia and carbon dioxide, can also be used as a feed supplement for cattle, aiding in the rapid building of protein by the animals.
    • jeet shah
      jeet shah on 14 Feb 13
       
      It seems that as time progresses, scientists are finding more and more ways to use ammonia.
  • These molecules continually undergo a type of motion called inversion, in which the nitrogen atom passes through the plane of the three hydrogen atoms like an umbrella turning inside out in the wind
    • Kaeley McGrane
      Kaeley McGrane on 14 Feb 13
       
      This is really interesting, but what causes this inversion?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      movement of electrons
  • Urea, which is made from ammonia and carbon dioxide, can also be used as a feed supplement for cattle
    • Dhanushya Battepati
      Dhanushya Battepati on 14 Feb 13
       
      used for fertilizers
  • ammonia is formed and removed, and the unconverted reactants are recirculated.
    • Kobir Hussain
      Kobir Hussain on 14 Feb 13
       
      Ammonia removed to push reaction forward.
  • The reaction is exothermic
    • Akansha A
      Akansha A on 14 Feb 13
       
      If the reaction is exothermic, why is such a high temperature used to produce more ammonia?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      catalyst works better at higher temperature
  • Nitric acid and nitrates are needed for the manufacture of explosives like TNT, nitroglycerin, gunpowder, and also for the propellants in cartridges for rifles and machine guns.
    • Aditya Yelamanchi
      Aditya Yelamanchi on 14 Feb 13
       
      Should scientists be held responsible for their developments of weapons?
  • nitroglycerin, gunpowder, and also for the propellants in cartridges for rifles and machine guns.
  • neutralizing acids with the formation of ammonium salts
    • jeet shah
      jeet shah on 14 Feb 13
       
      How can you neutralize acids?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      with a base
  • The largest use of ammonia is in fertilizers
    • Yashas Vaidya
      Yashas Vaidya on 14 Feb 13
       
      the purpose of amonia
  • bar of pressure
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      what is the unit bar of pressure?
  • The gases that enter the catalytic converter must be highly purified and free of sulfur compounds,
  • Because of its basic properties, ammonia is able to react with acidic gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides to form ammonium salts. Thus
    • Dhatri Nandyala
      Dhatri Nandyala on 14 Feb 13
       
      Ammonia has multiple purposes because of its chemical properties
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • 1 bar of pressure
  • where it acts as a base in its chemical reactions.
    • Adi Gill
      Adi Gill on 14 Feb 13
       
      pH greater than 7
    • jeet shah
      jeet shah on 14 Feb 13
       
      Hello Adi please to meet you. So my impression from the article is that it is amphoteric...it just depends on the situation. Do you agree?
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • Because of its basic properties, ammonia is able to react with acidic gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides to form ammonium salts
    • Chennupati Surya
      Chennupati Surya on 14 Feb 13
       
      This is why we need so much annually
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • although much controversy exists over the details
    • Adi Gill
      Adi Gill on 14 Feb 13
       
      different people believe different things
  • Ostwald process
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      our class is going to learn about the Ostwald process, like read about it, correct?
    • Kobir Hussain
      Kobir Hussain on 14 Feb 13
       
      ask Mrs. Byrge
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • DuPont Chemical Co
  • oxidation of ammonia
  • oxidation of ammonia
    • Japnam Jassal
      Japnam Jassal on 14 Feb 13
       
      Removal of electron and hydrogen and gain oxygen
  • New uses may develop, particularly for ammonia as a relatively inexpensive base with unique properties
    • Kobir Hussain
      Kobir Hussain on 14 Feb 13
       
      Ammonia is good for innovation
  • ) proved that ammonia is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen.
    • Adi Gill
      Adi Gill on 14 Feb 13
       
      N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3
  • ammonia is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen.
    • jeet shah
      jeet shah on 14 Feb 13
       
      Decomposition rxn.
  • Further energy is needed to produce the hydrogen from hydrocarbon feedstocks and to separate nitrogen from air.
    • Aditya Yelamanchi
      Aditya Yelamanchi on 14 Feb 13
       
      Could we use this to produce energy by lets saying heating water?
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 1 views

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shared by Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • A NEWLY invented metal compound can loosen the chemical bonds of the nitrogen molecules that make up four-fifths of the atmosphere
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      In our atmosphere, the reactions between nitrogen and oxygen are in dynamic equilibrium where they continue to react. Surprisingly, nitrogen seems to be more abundant than oxygen is.
  • it must first be converted into ammonia (N[H.sub.3]), using an industrial process called Haber-Bosch, in which an iron catalyst is used to crack open the triple bond of the nitrogen molecule, at high temperature and pressure
    • Ngo Thien Quy
      Ngo Thien Quy on 14 Feb 13
       
      Nitrogen is basically unnecessary when it hasn't been broken down or reacted, becuase the nutrients from nitrogen are not able to be used.
19More

Gale Science In Context - Document - 2 views

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shared by Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • iron-catalyzed Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      The Haber process involves using overflow of reactants and removal of products to maximize ammonia production.
  • 150 to 550 atmospheres
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      We learned that it was 200 atm. Which is it really?
  • high temperatures
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      These are needed to keep a high forward reaction rate.
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • The metalloenzymes, called nitrogenases
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      These act like the iron catalyst in the Haber process.
  • more energy-efficient process than Haber-Bosch
    • Rajmund Niwinski
      Rajmund Niwinski on 14 Feb 13
       
      Interesting: The same process has been used for almost a hundred years.
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones.
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones.
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones.
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones
  • Perhaps a thousand man-years and billions of dollars have been spent studying how nitrogenases work and trying to make artificial ones
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 2 views

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shared by Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • The Haber-Bosch process was developed largely because of Germany's need for explosives in World War I. Ammonia gas is converted to nitric acid, which, in turn, is used in making sodium and potassium nitrate, major components of explosives. Fritz Haber believed that it was his patriotic duty to contribute to the German war effort in whatever way he could, which led to his development of a new method for making ammonia.
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      the Haber-Bosch Process was developed for explosives production during war, but is also in peaceful applications like agriculture/farming.
    • Vikrant Garg
      Vikrant Garg on 14 Feb 13
       
      controversy: is the process more good than bad? It has both good and bad uses. Even fertilizer created from ammonia is not very healthy for the water levels from runoff. 
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      tool for either purpose: fertilizer for food/sustaining life, or for its destruction
  • CATALYST A material that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any change in its own chemical structure.
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      catalyst use
  • Very soluble in cold water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and many organic solvents
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      why is it so soluble? molecular structure?
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Ammonia is used in a variety of forms as a fertilizer. It can be liquified or dissolved in water and sprayed on land, or it can be converted into any one of a number of compounds, such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, or ammonium sulfate.
  • 200 to 400 atmospheres
  • nitrogen and hydrogen. The two gases are combined with each other at high temperature (400°C to 650°C; 750°F to 1200°F)
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      Involves nitrogen and hydrogen, high temperature increases rate of rxn so there is a yield
  • pressure (200 to 400 atmospheres
    • Marvin Shih
      Marvin Shih on 14 Feb 13
       
      2 atm or 200 atm?
  • Ammonia (uh-MOH-nyah) is a colorless gas with a strong, suffocating odor
  • About 90 percent of all the ammonia used in the United States goes to the production of fertilizers.
  • Both gaseous and liquid ammonia pose moderate health hazards to those who come into contact with them.
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 1 views

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  • Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant gas in the atmosphere (after nitrogen, oxygen, and argon)
    • OB Rahim
      OB Rahim on 14 Feb 13
       
      What about Hydrogen?
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 0 views

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  • 2004
    • Kaeley McGrane
      Kaeley McGrane on 14 Feb 13
       
      What, if anything, has developed with this discovery since the publication of this article?
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Gale Science In Context - Document - 17 views

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shared by Anastasia Georginis on 13 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Ammonia
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      NH3
  • Skip to Content Change Resources Return to My Library " function addWindowLoadEvent(func) { jQuery(document).ready(func); }
  • action of steam on calcium cyanamide, called the cyanamide process
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      what is cyanamide; like what chemicals in addition to cyanide?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      an amide is an organic chemical with CN in it - you will learn more about them next year during our orgo unit
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • a sharp-smelling, flammable, and toxic gas that is very soluble in water
    • Anastasia Georginis
      Anastasia Georginis on 14 Feb 13
       
      physical properties of ammonia
  • Joseph Priestley
    • Yashas Vaidya
      Yashas Vaidya on 14 Feb 13
       
      The first person to experiment with amonia
  • hydrogen bonding
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      strongest type of bonding; even among ionic bonding.
    • Vikrant Garg
      Vikrant Garg on 14 Feb 13
       
      A hydrogen bond is not a bond. It's in IMF. It's the strongest IMF.
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      good catch vikrant :)
  • The Haber-Bosch process is the basis for modern ammonia production
    • Yashas Vaidya
      Yashas Vaidya on 14 Feb 13
       
      The purpose of the haber process
    • faiyza osman
      faiyza osman on 14 Feb 13
       
      a higher temperature would help yield more product
  • iron catalyst
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      how can you tell whether it is an iron catalyst? or homo or hetero?
    • Mrs. Byrge
      Mrs. Byrge on 14 Feb 13
       
      Since it is iron, a solid and reactants are gasses, it is heterogeneous.
  • structure and mode of action are imperfectly understood
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      very few processes can be "perfectly" understood. with a changing world, all factors are changing in parallel
  • High pressure conditions
    • faiyza osman
      faiyza osman on 14 Feb 13
       
      High pressure conditions would allow the equilibrium to shift in favor of ammonia, the side w/less moles, but it would not change Kc
  • corn, wheat, and soybeans.
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      all subjects and fields are inter-related. agriculture's highest yields come from the production of corn, wheat, and soybeans and yet a chemical compound, ammonia can be traced back to it.
    • faiyza osman
      faiyza osman on 14 Feb 13
       
      is there controversy surrounding the uses of ammonia in fertilizers in order to increase the yield of crops? Are there negative effects?
  • Ostwald process
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      from haber process, to Ostwald process, improvements and methods continue to be developed and knowledge continues to expand infinitely.
    • Anastasia Georginis
      Anastasia Georginis on 14 Feb 13
       
      is this related to Haber and Contact Processes?
  • much milder conditions than those of the Haber-Bosch process
    • Anastasia Georginis
      Anastasia Georginis on 14 Feb 13
       
      probably not as effective in creating NH3 though
  • temperatures
    • Pulvender Rishika
      Pulvender Rishika on 14 Feb 13
       
      stessor of Le Chatlier's and factor that can affect rate of reaction
  • Mrs. Byrge on 13 Feb 13
     
    For in class annotating
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