The primary differences between mLearning and eLearning fall into four main categories: timing, information access, context and

When taking an eLearning course on a topic, such as a sales training or a new product introduction, two key learning objectives are comprehension and retention. Because the information being learned will be applied at a later time, it is critical that the material be understood and remembered until it is needed. MLearning, on the other hand, is more about accessing information at the moment it is needed. This implies that successful mLearning is more about easy and convenient access to information and less about committing information to memory.

Arguably the first instance of mobile learning goes back as far as 1901 when Linguaphone released a series of language lessons on wax cylinders. This was followed up in later years as technology improved, to cover compact cassette tapes, 8 track tape, and CDs

Challenges Technical challenges include 1Connectivity and battery life Screen size and key size [5] Ability for authors to visualize mobile phones for delivery Possibilities to meet required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming Number of file/assets' formats supported by a specific device Content security or copyright issue from authoring group Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple operating systems Reworking existing e-Learning materials for mobile platforms Social and educational challenges include 1Accessibility and cost barriers for end users: Digital divide .

There is also a new direction in MLearning that adds mobility of the instructor and includes creation of learning materials "on-the-spot, "in the field" using predominately smartphone with special software such as AHG Cloud Note. Using mobile tools for creating learning aides and materials becomes an important part of informal learning.

Content curation could be the responsibility of the learning architect in many organizations some day. Hopefully, more curation tools will allow curators and readers to comment on collections.

the idea that an instructional designer has only one function—course creation—seems outdated. Although many will continue to develop courses, instructional designers will need to think in broad terms about how to close learning gaps. This means understanding the strategies that underlie diverse possibilities for learning, both formal and informal, traditional and nontraditional, online and print and face-to-face and virtual.

Rather, 1effective games provide meaning through real engagement, immediate feedback and a sense of accomplishment that is well-integrated with sound pedagogy.