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Continuing pressures to modernize milling and distribution facilities required huge investments to meet growing national and world competition. Centralization of these huge industries created the need for the farmers, grain handlers and milling workers to seek job security and equity through cooperative efforts. [MIACOC]

Nevertheless, the average married woman in the United States did about three times as much cooking, cleaning, laundry, and other routine housework in the 1990s as the average married man. Household work continues to be divided according to gender, with women performing the vast majority of the repetitive indoor housework tasks and men performing occasional outdoor tasks (Coltrane 2000).

Getting married increases women's domestic labor, whereas it decreases men's.

Educational differences between spouses are rarely associated with divisions of labor, and men with more education often report doing more housework, rather than less, as resource theories predict. Similarly, total family earnings have little effect on how much housework men do, though middle-class men talk more about the importance of sharing than working-class men. Some studies show that spouses with more equal incomes— usually in the working class—share more household labor, but women still do more than men when they have similar jobs