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javoge20

Newsela Earthquake - 0 views

newsela.com/...4833

Earth Quake

shared by javoge20 on 20 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • MILWAUKEE — To understand earthquakes, scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are going directly to their source miles below the Earth. It is a bold plan. Earthquakes occur at fault lines. Fault lines are where the huge plates of rock that make up the Earth's surface bump up against each other. The geologists are drilling through miles of rock at dangerous faults in New Zealand and Japan. These are faults that could erupt at any moment, causing giant earthquakes. “These are the natural disasters that kill the most people on the planet. So we need to know as well as we can how they work and whether there are ways to (reduce) their effects by early warning or detection,” said Ha
  • “If we want to understand earthquakes, it’s one of the few kind of direct ways we can get evidence about what faults are like,” said Clifford Thurber. He is a professor in the department of geoscience at UW-Madison. Thurber and Tobin are part of a group of international scientists working on the Deep Fault Drilling Project. The project is located in at the Alpine Fault in New Zealand. The New Zealand fault has been quiet since 1717. It typically causes a major quake every 300 or 400 years. Scientists think the area is due for an earthquake soon. They estimate a 28 percent chance of a quake in the next 50 years. Beginning in October, the geologists will drill nearly a mile deep into the Alpine Fault. Drill, Analyze, Wait Drilling such deep holes, however, is not easy. This is especially true for faults that are under water. Many of the most dangerous faults that cause tsunamis — earthquakes that create huge tidal waves — are under the sea. Tobin is co-chief scientist of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment
  • obin. He teaches geoscience at the university. Geologists study rocks and the matter that makes up the Earth.
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • lt off the coast of southern Japan. Photo: Photo
  • below the ocean floor near
  • Scientists are seeking to understand the chain of events that cause big earthquakes. The scientists will take samples of rock from the faults and record the conditions down deep in the Earth. If they are lucky, they will catch a quake in action. Earthquakes are some of the most destructive and deadly natura
  • deep below the surface of the Earth, too deep for researchers to go. Typically, earthquakes are studied by meas
  • is not very helpful for people living in the area who have only moments to take cover. Scientists don’t know how — or
  • samples of rock as they drill to study. Then they will place instruments in the hole to measure seismic tremors and other factors. These include the pressure, temperatur
  • You would know much more if you could unwrap it and look directly at what was inside. This is why the scientists want to drill down to the fault line. They will bring up core
  • Tobin and his fellow scientists took round-the-clock shifts, analyzing the information and samples of rock that came out of the drill hole. At times, they braved harsh winds and waves as high as 30 feet. The scientists have already drilled a mile and a half down below
  • ned The UW researchers also were involved in an earlier experiment, called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). Scientists drilled a 2-mile-deep hole through the famous San Andreas Fault in California. The San Andreas fault has caused many earthquakes throughout the state. The experiment recovered the first samples of rock at the level where small earthquakes begin. However, scientists encountered many problems. Drilling was more expensive than
  • Instruments will remain in the holes for decades. They will collect information and wai
  • an. Scientists there will not drill down to where major quakes begin. Instead, the drills will stay closer to the surface, where they have already uncovered important information. “We’re seeing rocks much closer to what they are like down where earthquakes do their thing,” Thurber said. Cancel Save Annotate
  • roke. Their failure was caused by harmful gases, crushing pressures and high temperatures at that depth. The lessons scientists learned there will be useful to the experiments in New Zealand and
  • is useful. But it's not direct — sort of like trying to figure out what’s inside your birth
  • experience a quake, but they can only predict earthquakes over the span of decades. Th
  • disasters on the planet. They also are some of the least predictable. Scientists can say how likely a fault is to
  • Wisconsin geologists' big dig to understand earthquakes By Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, adapted by Newsela staff
  • You have three articles remaining. Read unlimited articles by signing up for a free Newsela account.
  • eat Lakes become an icy wonderland thanks to the big
  • Tourists are coming by the thousands this winter to see the icy landscape of the Great Lakes. Unusually cold weather has caused record-setting levels of ice on four of th
  • (NanTroSEIZE) in Japan. He spent seven weeks at sea last winter on a scientific drilling ship called the Chikyu. The ship drilled into the Nankai Fault off the coast of southern
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gassmann20

Earthquakes - 1 views

newsela.com/...4851

shared by gassmann20 on 20 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • MILWAUKEE
  • Scientists can say how likely it is that an earthquake will happen. But they do not yet have the tools to tell when exactly an earthquake will strike
  • The scientists also have drilled into the San Andreas fault. The San Andreas fault is in California. It has caused many earthquakes.
  • ...90 more annotations...
  • The Earth's surface is made up of flat plates of rock. Earthquakes erupt when the plates bang against each other. These happen at what are called faults.
  • Scientists
  • earthquake
  • faults
  • faults
  • New Zealand and Japan
  • faults
  • the natural disasters that kill the most people on the planet.
  • scientists
  • will take samples of rock from holes
  • and record
  • conditions down deep.
  • lucky
  • catch a quake in action.
  • Earthquakes are
  • some of the
  • most destructive
  • and deadly natural disasters
  • least predictable
  • fault
  • predict earthquakes over the span of decades
  • don’t know how
  • or even if
  • it might be possible to predict earthquakes.
  • know so little abou
  • earthquakes
  • scary because no one knows when an earthquake will happen
  • lanet. B
  • The problem is scientists do not really know how earthquakes begin. It's hard to find out. Earthquakes begin miles below the Earth's surface.
    • el89730220
      el89730220 on 20 Aug 14
       
      Plates made of rock bang together at faults making an earthquake.
  • Early warning would be helpful. People have just minutes to take cover in an earthquake.
  • The problem is scientists do not really know how earthquakes begin. It's hard to find out. Earthquakes begin miles below the Earth's surface. People can't go that far down.
  • The Earth's surface is made up of flat plates of rock. Earthquakes erupt when the plates bang against each other. These happen at what are called faults.
  • The scientists had many problems there. Drilling was expensive. Also, their tools broke quickly. The temperatures were too high so far down. The scientists learned important lessons. Now they won't drill so deep. They can also get important information closer to the surface.
  • The scientists had many problems there. Drilling was expensive. Also, their tools broke quickly. The temperatures were too high so far down.
  • They could cause huge earthquakes at any moment
  • want to know how
  • start
  • People have just minutes to take cover in an earthquake.
  • By Milwaukee
  • Journal Sentinel
  • adapted by
  • Newsela staff
  • Aug. 19, 2014
  • seismic waves
  • quake
  • earthquakes
  • waves of energy that come from tremors within the Earth
  • plates bump up against each other
  • fault line
  • samples of rock
  • study their properties
  • place instruments in the hole
  • tremors
  • fault zone
  • seismic
  • properties of groundwater in the area.
  • pressure, temperature, and stresses and strains on the rocks
  • Fault
  • If we want to understand earthquakes, it’s one of the few kind of direct ways we can get evidence about what faults are like
  • Fault Drilling Project
  • fault
  • fault
  • quiet since 1717.
  • typically produces a major quake every 300 or 400 years.
  • in October, experimenters will drill nearly a mile deep into the Alpine Fault
  • Drilling such holes
  • is no easy task
  • especially true for faults t
  • hat are under water
  • tsunami-generating faults are.
  • Seismogenic Zone Experiment
  • in Japan
  • spent seven weeks at sea last winter
  • on a scientific drilling ship
  • drilling into the Nankai Fault
  • analyzing the data and samples of rock that came out of the borehole
  • Instruments will remain in the boreholes of both experiments for decades. They will quietly collect data, waiting for an earthquake that could strike at any time.
  • San Andreas Fault
  • San Andreas Fault
  • completed in 2007
  • drilled a 2-mile-deep hole
  • earthquakes
  • earthquakes
  • Drilling was more expensive than expected
  • instruments placed in the hole failed
  • cauldron down there
  • earthquakes
  • fault
  • faults
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