Major environmental devastation is the direct result of human activities. Through the burning of fossil fuels, humans are unintentionally producing acid rain. The sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released from the fossil fuels mix with water, oxygen, and other substances in the atmosphere to create consequential solutions that are spread over miles. Some negative effects of acid rain include aluminum absorption in water (making a toxic environment for aquatic animals), disruption of the food chain (aquatic deaths result in bird deaths, etc.), the robbing of essential nutrients in soil (kills trees), and the deterioration of vegetation's ability to withstand extreme conditions. In order to prevent ecological disaster, it is required that humans stop the burning of fossil fuels. Governments have attempted to use an alternative source for energy, but the harmful effects of the fossil fuel use have yet to wear off. By the conservation of energy, individuals can help stop the destruction of the planet.
CT scans are a type of X-ray that creates a three-dimensional picture of the head by scanning the head from multiple different angles
CT scans can be helpful in diagnosing some types of brain tumors, especially those near or involving bone
DTIs measure the flow of water through the white matter tracts of the brain. This provides a snapshot of the brain's structure and can be used to compare changes over time.
This scan allows the surgeon and treating team to visualize the circuitry (or wiring) of the brain to guide the surgery
FMRI is used to determine the specific location of the brain where a certain function, such as speech or motor function, occurs
Patients can undergo functional MRIs (fMRI) to help delineate a roadmap of important structures (such as areas that control the arms, legs, or speech) prior to surgery
. These scans use magnetic fields and radio waves, rather than X-rays, and computers to create detailed pictures of the brain.
MRS is similar to MRI, except that it measures the function of the brain rather than its structure
A PET scan detects changes in cells as they grow
A biopsy is a surgical procedure to remove a small sample of the tumor for examination under a microscope
This article provides information regarding the diagnosis of brain tumors. The first step in diagnosing brain tumors is a neurological exam. This type of exam is used to check vision, hearing, strength, sensation, and other cognitive skills. If deemed necessary other exams can be performed to determine characteristics of the tumors. The first is an angiogram, which is a type of x-ray for the head which examines arteries and veins. The second type is a brain scan, which shows abnormalities using a contrast dye. Another type of scan is the CT scan which creates a 3 dimensional image of the brain which can be useful in diagnosing brain tumors especially near bones. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a type of scan which measures the flow of water through white matter of the brain. This method provides a snapshot of brains structure and can be very useful during surgical procedures allowing physicians a guide to the rest of the brain. An fMRI is used to determine specific locations related to specific functions. This type of diagnostic tool helps create a guide to specific functions of the brain which is used to better prepare for surgery. The common MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create pictures of the brain. A similar MRS measures the function of the brain rather than its structure. Additionally, PET scans detect changes in the cells using an injection of radioactive glucose. Finally, the most effective way to diagnose a patient is by using a biopsy. A biopsy is a surgical procedure which a profile of tissue is collected and examined under a microscope. Most biopsy's are done using surgery, although there are a couple of different types of needle biopsy's.
A very depressed zebrafish normalized by antidepressants. Chronic stress can lead to depression and anxiety in humans. The fish lack the receptor cortisol this means they exhibited a consistent high level of stress. When antidepressants where added to the water the fishes behavior returned to normal. Finding this new drug treatment has opened a door for new research to be done on treating psychiatric disorders.